Mind and Body Essay -- science

Mind and BodyMuch of the intellectual history of psychology has involved the attempt to come to grips with the problem of pass and torso and how they interact. mend the philosophical trenchantion between mind and body can be traced back to the Greeks, it is due to the powerful work of Ren Descartes, (written around the 1630s) that we owe the original systematic account of the mind/body relationship. When Descartes friend and frequent correspondent, Marin Mersenne, wrote to him of Galileos designate at the hands of the Inquisition, Descartes immediately suppressed his own treatise. As a result, the worlds first extended essay on physiological psychology was produce only well after its authors death. In this essay, he proposed a tool for automatic reaction in response to foreign events. According to his proposal, external motions affect the peripheral ends of the nerve fibrils, which in turn displace the interchange ends. As the central ends be displaced, the pattern of in terfibrillar space is rearranged and the flow of creature spirits is thereby directed into the appropriate nerves. This is the reason he has been attribute with the founding of the reflex supposition. Descarte was the first to talk about mind/body interactions, and thus had a great influence in later psychologists and thinkers. He proposed that not only body can influence mind, but that mind could also affect body. Years later, the work of Nicolas Malebranche was probably the most influential provider of occasionalism. Occasionalism deals with the contradiction that if the nature of causality is such that causes and effects must(prenominal) have a necessary connection and be of a kindred type, then mind/body interactionism is unsound. He argued that both of Descartes substances, mind and body, are causally ineffective. His belief was that Gd is the one and only truthful cause. There is no influence of mind on body or of body on mind. In order to retain the notion of graven im age as the one true cause without sacrificing the idea of causality as operative in both the mental and the physical spheres, Benedictus de Spinoza broken-down Descartes two-substance view in favor of what has come to be called double-aspect supposition. Double-aspect theories are base on the notion that the mental and the physical are simply variant aspects of one and the same substance. Nonetheless, he agreed with De... ...ssembled a theory of clean-living expandment. The theory is based on standards of moral judgement. According to Piaget these cognitive abilities develop only as the child progresses through developmental stages. Kohlbergs theory is too divided into stages. He proposed three major levels of moral reasoning, or development. According to Kohlberg, his three stages occur in that same order in all cultures. Development is closely related to socialization, because as we have discussed earlier, nurture, or the environment plays a major role in the development o f an individual. assimilation the perceptual process of shaping an individuals behavior patterns, values, standards, skills, attitudes, and motives to adapt to those regardless as desirable in a particular society. sexual urge is closely related to socialization. Psychologists differ in their approaches towards development because the view it from distinct points of view. Piaget, for example, proposed a theory of the cognitive development of children, while Erikson proposed a theory based on the psychosocial development of individuals. Although Kohlberg based his theory on Piagets, his theory focused on moral reasoning.