College Stress Essay -- University Student Issues Essays Papers

College Stress Jacks heart pounds as he casts panicked looks around the classroom. He doesnt recognize the professor, he doesnt know any of the students, and he cant even figure out what the subject is. In reckon of him is a test. At the very last minute his roommate awakens him. Its only another anxiety dream. The very fact that dreams like Jacks are common suggests that college is a stressful situation for young people. The cause of this stress can be academic, financial, and personal.Academic stress is common for college students. For many students, departure to college is more than just attending classes and taking notes. They usually have a hard time understanding school guidelines and deciding what major they want to study. It is very stressful to read and understand all the school policies, especially the transfer instructions. It is even harder for student to make up their mind what major they should concentrate on.Choosing the castigate courses and making a schedule is a nother headache job that students have to go through. Students often find it very tough to decide what are the business classes to take that related to their major. It is also stressful to wake up in the morning and be one time for classes. Finally, preparing and taking mid-term and final exams are the most stressful time that student encounter for the entire semester. In a similar case to Jack, my friend, Som, who is a good student at City College, everlastingly gets nervous and stays up all night...

Ramblings from a Rednecks Diary :: Essays Papers

Ramblings from a Rednecks DiaryNot since I was three have I been affected by a ledger this such(prenominal). When I was a toddler The Berenstein Bears had the influence to make me cry from sadness and scream from fear. In reality I did not actually scream or cry after reading this book, but I was extremely close. In Bezhin Lea I was frightened for Pavlusha when he ran off after the dogs, and I mat real fear when the boys began telling fables of the surrounding areas. In Meeting the girl was so tearful that the urge to jump into the book and comfort her almost overcame me, and never had I wanted to see something bad happen to a person as I did to the bailiff in the Bailiff. My feelings regarding serfs had never been put on such a personal level. Sketches from a Hunters Album changed my perspective about serfs and peasants intensely. I do not think his book would have as much impact if it was not for his intense physical and emotional projections of serfs that Turgenev conveys for the proofreader. Every time a new character is introduced he stops to completely acquaint the reader with the person as much as he is acquainted with the person. Since I truly learned about serfdom, peasantry, and slavery, it has been common for me to generalize them by the statement, they suffered, or they were stupid. afterward reading just a few sketches, I realized that the serfs are actually human. They are not stupid animals to be pushed around and taken favour of by their masters.It was evident in the first sketch, Khor and Kalinych, that Khor was an intelligent and industrious man, but yet he was only a serf. He had been smart bountiful to find a way to make gold for himself and to afford a pretty heavy rent imposed by his owner. He had enough money but if he actually bought his freedom he would be a small fish in a big pond, but as longsighted as he was serf and rented his own land he was living large. He had his family, his health, and enough to keep ever yone happy. It was also evident by this sketch and some other Lgov that if a serf had education or intelligence he was able to maintain a certain amount of piece and happiness.

A Unified Theory of Names Essays -- Philosophy Philosophical Papers

A Unified Theory of NamesABSTRACT Theoreticians of label are currently split into 2 camps Fregean and Millian. Fregean theorists hold that name beget referent-de stipulationining senses that account for such facts as the change of content with the substitution of co-referential names and the meaningfulness of names without bearers. Their enduring problem has been to state these senses. Millian theorists deny that names have senses and take courage from Kripkes arguments that names are rigid designators. If names had senses, it seems that their referents should vary among possible worlds. However, the Millians have the enduring problem of explaining the apparent cognitive content of names. I argue that Mills original theory, when purged of confusion, provides word-reflexive senses for names. Frege failed to notice senses of this particular sort. Moreover, it is these senses that account for names rigid designation. When the views of Mill and Frege are still as complementary, the problems that have faced the divided theorists of names vanish. The division of terms into connotative and nonconnotative is, according to Mill, one of the distinctions that go deepest into the nature of language. (1) The importance of this distinction was reaffirmed by Saul Kripke in Naming and Necessity. Kripke followed Mill in holding that proper names must be understood as nonconnotative. To insist on this mixed bag was, on Kripkes view, to reject the powerfully supported view of names that originated with Frege. (2) Since the publication of Kripkes lectures theories of names have come to be thought of as divided into two opposing types-Fregean and Millian.This opposition of theories has impeded the development of a satisfacto... ...(2) Saul A. Kripke, Naming and Necessity (Boston Harvard University Press, 1980), 26-27.(3) Gottlob Frege, On Sense and Meaning, in Translations from the Philosophical Writings of Gottlob Frege, 3d ed., ed. lance Geach and Max Black (Totowa, NJ Ro wman & Littlefield, 1980), 57.(4) Mill, 34.(5) Ibid., 35.(6) Ibid., 36.(7) Ibid., 37.(8) Ibid., 38.(9) Frege, On Sense and Meaning, 56.(10) Ibid., 57-58.(11) Ibid., 58n.(12) Ibid., 58.(13) Frege, On Concept and Object, 46n.(14) Kripke, 68-70.(15) Note that the bearer of Socrates is a rigid description, a connotative term, synonymous with the nonconnotative term Socrates.(16) Pauline Jacobson, The Syntax/Semantics Interface in Categorial Grammar, in The Handbook of Contemporary Semantic Theory, ed. Shalom Lappin (Oxford Blackwell Publishers, 1996), 90.

Comparing Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach and Gerard Manley HopkinsGods

Comparing Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach and Gerard Manley HopkinsGods Grandeur Matthew Arnolds Dover Beach, and Gerard Manley Hopkins Gods Grandeur are similar in that both poems congratulations the beauty of the natural world and deplore mans role in that world. The style and tone of each poem is quite different, however. Arnold writes in an easy, flowing style and as the poem develops, reveals a deeply melancholy point of view. Hopkins writes in a very compressed, somewhat jerky style, using sentences heavy with alliteration and metaphors. His tone, though touched(p) with sadness and perhaps even anger at man, unlike Arnolds poem, reveals an abiding sense of hope. Basically, each poet is presenting a very different view of Faith, and consequently of mans crowning(prenominal) condition. Matthew Arnold begins his poem by describing a calm, beautiful scene. Dover Beach is lying fair in the moonlight. It is high tide and he sees the coast of France and the cliffs of England... / Gl eaming and vast, proscribed in the tranquil bay. All seems lovely and quiet. According to Baums research on the date and circumstances of the poem, Arnold is probably speaking to his new bride (86) as he says, go far to the window, sweet is the night-air. But gradually the reader senses a shifting of mood and tone. Now he describes the line of spray... / Where the sea meets the land as moon-blanched. And the tide, tossing pebbles as it comes, is a grating roar with a tremulous cadence slow that brings / The eternal note of sadness in. This melancholy mood grows deeper as he thinks of mans long embroil of history-- The turbid ebb and flow / of human misery. In the next stanza beginning with line twenty-one, Arnold gets to the reason ... ... in a sky that is brown, not completely minatory because Gods Spirit is hovering in love over the dark world still, like a mother dove brooding over her nest. Obviously, both poets recognize the darkness in the world and both see love as a light in the darkness. Arnolds love is human love from one individual to some other and even that seems uncertain. The redeeming love Hopkins speaks of is Gods love for man and His creation. That love is unchanging and indestructible--an abiding hope in the darkness. What a difference faith can make. kit and caboodle Cited Baum, Paull F. Ten Studies in the Poetry of Matthew Arnold. Durham Duke UP, 1961. Boyle, Robert S.J. Metaphor in Hopkins. Chapel Hill U of North Carolina P, 1961. Kirszner, Laurie G. and Stephen R. Mandell. Literature Reading Reacting Writing. 3rd ed. Fort deserving Harcourt, 1991.

The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood :: essays research papers

The role of a Handmaid in the Republic of Gilead is ultimately to breed, and nothing more. Cooped up in a nondescript room with nothing provided her own thoughts and painful memories for company, the narrator, Off departure, shows many signs of retreating further and further into her own world, and becoming slowly more unstable throughout the course of the novel as her dread new life continues. The most common and by far the most disturbing example of this is the use of imagery and symbolism in the book. Many common items and observations are likened to some kind of sickening or violent image, which indicate that Offred isnt really all that stable for example a removed loose fixture is depict as being like the place in a face where the eye has been taken out.Other examples of this are describing a defender of the Faiths face as unwholesomely tender, like the skin under a scab and likening half-dead, flexible and pink worms to lips. A tourists stiletto heels are delicate instru ments of torture fluffy clouds are thought of as headless sheep and urinals look oddly like babies coffins. The Commanders Wife herself is described as having a chin clenched like a fist. Further on in the book, when Moira has been violently punished for faking an illness ... she could not base on balls for a week... They looked like drowned feet, swollen and boneless, except for the colour. They looked like lungs. All these violent, disgusting images are evidence for Offreds deteriorating state of health. Other similes mentioned are not so much violent as they are strange at one stage, Offred compares herself to a piece of toast. The author also uses colour as a effective symbolic device. The colour red is referred to many times in the novel, most notably when Offred describes herself as a Sister, dipped in blood. This image in extra refers to menstruation, a process the Handmaids have grown to dread as it proves they have failed once again. The reoccurring image of the tulips in the garden also relates to this they are also red and compared to blood... a darker crimson toward the stem, as if they had been cut and are beginning to heal there.and all of the references can be likened to Tulips, a poem by Sylvia Plath, pen about her time in a mental illness ward.We are informed, primarily in Chapter Two, that any object that may aid suicide is stringently out of bounds in Offreds accommodation.

The Handmaids Tale by Margaret Atwood :: essays research papers

The role of a Handm assistance in the Republic of Gilead is ultimately to breed, and nothing more. Cooped up in a nondescript live with nothing but her own thoughts and painful memories for company, the narrator, Offred, shows many signs of retreating further and further into her own world, and becoming slowly more unstable throughout the course of the smart as her terrible new life continues. The most common and by far the most disturbing example of this is the use of estimatery and symbolism in the book. Many everyday items and observations be likened to some kind of sickening or violent image, which indicate that Offred isnt really all that stable for example a removed light fixture is described as being like the place in a face where the eye has been taken out.Other examples of this argon describing a Guardian of the Faiths face as unwholesomely tender, like the skin under a scab and likening half-dead, flexible and pink worms to lips. A tourists stiletto heels ar delicate instruments of torture fluffy clouds are thought of as headless sheep and urinals look oddly like babies coffins. The Commanders Wife herself is described as having a chin clenched like a fist. Further on in the book, when Moira has been violently punished for faking an unwellness ... she could not walk for a week... They looked like drowned feet, swollen and boneless, except for the colour. They looked like lungs. All these violent, disgusting images are evidence for Offreds deteriorating state of health. Other similes mentioned are not so much violent as they are strange at one stage, Offred compares herself to a piece of toast. The author also uses colour as a powerful symbolic device. The colour red is referred to many times in the novel, most notably when Offred describes herself as a Sister, dipped in blood. This image in particular refers to menstruation, a process the Handmaids have grown to dread as it proves they have failed once again. The reoccurring image of the tulips in the garden also relates to this they are also red and compared to blood... a darker crimson toward the stem, as if they had been cut and are beginning to heal there.and all of the references can be likened to Tulips, a poesy by Sylvia Plath, written about her time in a mental illness ward.We are informed, primarily in Chapter Two, that any object that may aid suicide is strictly out of bounds in Offreds accommodation.

Marketing Plan for Emirates Airline

e- Book series Guide to theme a Killer trade computer programme Written by St purge Fisher Confidential 2009 Ne twainrk Solutions, LLC Purpose of this book You argon either some wizard that has been doing tradeing as a wear stunned of your professional c atomic takings 18er or you look at as that affair you do to promote your worry and attract customers to buy. Regardless of where you be along that spectrum, you take arrived here beca ingestion you stay put hold of been charged by the chief operating officer of the startup you work for to write a merchandising broadcast for your seam or you expect to make unmatched for your own problem. You deprivation to non just write just any marting excogitate.You need to write a Killer trade pattern. One that your boss pass oning say awesome, in allows get started and which volition tell all those population who hold up been looking for a reaping or service alike yours for a long eon. This book is written for you . merchandising broadcasts are sexy mistresses that tempt you to include all of the coolest of campaign ideas without the saneness of budgetary constraints. While trade is one of the more than important amours of a junior-grade argument, it is one that is limited by the budgets of that business and campaigns moldiness demonstrate a return in order to justify their existence.Since I pretend written more merchandising plans than I care to tell you, I can serving with you my knowledge and intimacy of what has worked almost all the time, some of the time and none of the time. While this is not the single tome on marketing plans, I hope that this attend tos you sleep the unlimited creative ideas with the budget you have to work with and aline a mix that is both innovative and results in sales. I invite you to explore as legion(predicate) resources out on that diaphragm, some of which are mentioned at the end of this book. I fatiguet need to wish you luck.Just get starte d, get out on that point and crush it. Confidential 2009 Ne devilrk Solutions, LLC Overview Section 1 Product and Purpose reveal 1 5 Section 2 abridgment and Competition scatter 6 10 Section 3 Strategy and Action deviate 11 12 Section 4 Financials in Plain face Part 13 15 Confidential 2009 net Solutions, LLC Section 1 Product and Purpose Part 1 The Art of selling Doing marketing planning, which is captured in the marketing plan, is an essential organizational activity, considering the hostile and complex competitive business environment.Our ability and skills to perform profitable sales are stired by hundreds of internal and extraneous factors that interact in a difficult behavior to evaluate. A marketing manager must under base and build an image upon these unsettleds and their interactions, and must make demythologized decisions. Here is a great exposition of selling from HowStuffWorks According to the Dictionary of Marketing Terms, marketing is the process of p lanning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distri just nowion of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges that satisfy individual and organizational goals. What does that mean to you?It means marketing encompasses everything you have to do in coming up with a needed ingathering or service, making capableness customers aware of it, making them hope it, and wherefore selling it to them. So then, is sales considered marketing? Is advertising marketing? Often, youll hear sales functions referred to as marketing, save really sales is just a branch of the larger marketing process, as is advertising. In the olden days (back 30 or 40 years), marketing did consist primarily of sales. Rather than having marketing de fragmentments, companies had sales departments with an advertising manager and someone who did market explore.sometimes they added a promotions manager or hired an place to handle advertising and promotions. Things began changing as some companies grew larger and larger and began endureing legion(predicate) product lines that warranted having their own brand managers, market segment managers and many more specialized positions that referenceed and mulled over the needs of their particular markets. The need for a marketing department began to be visitn as a vital part of business. The marketing department also takes most of the blame if a product (or keep company) isnt successful, regardless of whether or not the fault in truth lies there. Logically, your CMO or VP of Marketing would be in charge of this effort but in many startups you dont have someone in that position so it is believably you with the ultimate responsibility. So my dear reader, I am here to the rescue to guide you through very important part of executing your overall business plan. designning your companys marketing program is a process practically like the one you go through in typography the business plan. You go through phases of What are you go ing to do with the plan? What are the companys skills, strengths and weaknesses? Goal setting ground on those strengths and weaknesses Setting strategies for achieving your goals punish the plan Putting the comes in concert to back up your words But before you nosedive into the plan, you should know what type of plan you are anticipate to write. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Part 2 The Three Types of Marketing Plans Most of the time when you are writing the marketing plan, it is usually something that needs to stand on its own and in other cases it readiness need to be incorporated into another document like a business plan.So before we dive into the decision maker summary, it is important to understand that there are three marketing plan types with various content and sizes. Marketing Plan Type 1 The Marketing Plan for the Business Plan In a business plan, the sales and marketing percentage as part and parcel to the business plan, which is true, but it is n ot the wide insure. The business plan essentially holds the executive summary and learn components, graphics and financials that support the greater business plan. This means that the data came from somewhere foliate clasp Usually 3-6 Pages Marketing Plan Type 2 The Strategic Marketing PlanHere is a great description of the Strategic variate of the Marketing Plan from Sheridan College name of Technology and Advanced Learning in Oakville, Canada At the strategic marketing plan level, marketers are scanning the environment, pondering what is happening and looking for emerge or robust market segments which they could consider as come out markets. The outcomes of such plans are clearly identified target markets and the strategies which depart meet their needs, as identified in our abstract. Marketing plan objectives are typically on the level of sales, profit, return on investment or, for the larger firm, market share. Page Range Usually 3-6 Pages Marketing Plan Type 3 The T actical Marketing Plan Here is another great description of the Strategic version of the Marketing Plan from Sheridan College launch of Technology and Advanced Learning in Oakville, Canada Tactical plans, in contrast, presume the target market and marketing strategy as a given and dont look much at the external environment. They deal with issues such as raising awareness or getting more returning customers. The primary(prenominal) way to tell at which level you are work is whether your target market is a given or not.If you are scanning the environment, you are quest hot target markets or looking for subtle changes in your existing target markets you are preparing a Marketing Plan. If however, you start from the premise that you know on the dot who your target Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC market is, you would then develop a range of tactics to reach them this is a Tactical Plan. Many people erroneously operate at the tactical level when they should be at the stra tegic level. For instance, suppose your product sales were poor, so you came up with a plan to fight more. The result was an even faster decline in sales.Why? People found even faster that your product was terrible. Had a strategic marketing plan been developed, we would have de circumstanceined what consumers want, compared those desires to our product and made the appropriate modifications. Page Range Usually 10 As many as people want to read Pages Sometimes it is better to start big and widdle your way down There are different schools of legal opinion on this one. The commencement being to write the tactical version with everything and then extract information to create the strategic and narrow further for inclusion in a business plan.The second is to write the strategic one first to focus your thoughts and have one person tighten it up for the business plan and a squad expand on it so the tactical issues are worked out. This can be a problem because your financial projecti ons might not be nubly accurate and your plan volition fail. I would offer taking the tactical plan and mapping out the percentages with the abstracts so that all the issues are addressed, then write the strategic so there is a plan that others outside of marketing can digest and only when it is approved should it be tuned up and included in a business plan.Now you know so lets get started Now that you understand what a marketing plan is, its purpose and the type you should write, lets get to the nitty-gritty of the matter. In Part 3 we leave discuss the Killer Executive compendious. Part 3 Framing a Successful Marketing Plan In Part 2 we talked roughly selecting the right type of plan to fit your needs. Now that you have decided that, lets get into the general structure of a marketing plan. Please preeminence that this is a proposed en magnetic inclination and depending on your emphasis, this structure can and might change. Marketing Plan Outline Section I Cover Page Sect ion II Table of ContentSection III Situational outline (Market, Competitive Environment, Technological Environment, Socio-Political) Section IV Problems and Opportunities Section V Objectives Section VI Action Plan Section IX Financial Data Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC So there you go, a basic outline. I know that putting all this together might seem daunting, particularly if you are not a marketing and sales person. Fear not, that is what we are here for and from here on out we will break down each section and subsection in detail so you understand what information is required and how to get it.Part 4 Killer Marketing Plan Summary Everyone who begins the journey of writing a marketing plan usually looks at the Executive Summary section early on in the process. A Marketing Plan Summary is usually 1-3 pages long and the goal is to summarize the entire marketing and possibly sales plan into something digestible by new readers and those in other departments who want to get to the bottom line. Dont despair, the arduous work you put into the marketing plan will be useful to some people, not all of them.Each reader is trying to get something different and the executive summary is the best way to give them the big picture so they understand their part in this area of the operation. When is the best time to write the Marketing Plan Summary? There are many schools of thought on when to write the Marketing Plan Summary, either write it first, write it along the way or write it at the end. I take a little different of an approach in that you should try and write it at the beginning and then re write it again at the end.There are two reasons for this Reason 1 Writing it at the beginning can focus you and force you to answer questions in the shortest way possible. This is an inte equalizering and valuable exercise for many because they work to answer many of the hard questions and because it forces you to get in the habit of getting to the point. Reas on 2 Writing it at the end is great because you will revisit what you wrote and either be on track with only a little tuning required or most likely will bustle approximately your eyes and see how far off you were and really have a much easier time tuning the summary up to make it truly a killer Executive Summary.What are the overall components of the Marketing Plan Summary? Generally, you need to write 2-3 convictions MAX on each of the following sections Company description of what you are doing Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Problem and Opportunity Your products and/or services that address the problem and take advantage of the opportunity Money You Need and What it will be used for (this is if the summary is targeted at investors) The market and your customer The Competition and Your Differentiators (how you will kick the competitors butt) Your current Marketing and Sales (if you have them)Your Management Team (If they are an A-Grade team this might be further up) Current Business Operations (if you are an existing business)3-5 Year financial projections and plans (How much have you made, how much will you make and if you are looking for investment, how you will use it) This includes a small table of numbers in addition to the 2-3 sentences. What makes a Killer Executive Summary that stands out from other businesses? There are many well written Executive Summaries out there that have never been funded or missed the market or for whatever reason never got off the ground.But what makes an Executive Summary Killer? Here are six expose things to make it killer 1. BE focused and clearly state what you do -Too many businesses, especially startups try and boil the ocean making you look like you are all over the place and will not be able to execute successfully. 2. BE a business that solves a problem and not a solution in search of one You might have an awesome widget but if people dont need it or companies can live without it, why are you starti ng a business? 3. BE strong and positive with your language This is not a time to be passive.From potential investors looking to give you money to those people willing to join the team, people must know that you are going to execute, not whitethorn or might do something. 4. go intoT cut and paste Read the sections and extract the best and write a new concise section 5. DONT use Jargon Most industries have acronyms or buzz words that are neat and catchy. One or two that make a point are fine but if your engineer is writing the business plan, dont get all geeky on the solution. Remember, the Executive Summary is about telling someone the time, not how the watch works.The business plan will have plenty of places for that type of content. 6. Write an Executive Summary of the Executive Summary Most people have very short attention spans and once you are done the Executive Summary you should try and compose a 2-3 sentence summary at the top that gets all the critical elements in so t hat people really want to read the rest and get excited about reading the entire business plan. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Part 5 accord Your Market The Situational Analysis is designed to take a snapshot of where things stand at the time the plan is presented.The Situational Analysis is probably one of the hardest sections you will write because you are essentially laying out how the product will function in various environments and how it will be perceived in the marketplace. In many marketing plans, the first section could be the product analysis. If you already have existing products/services you should start with this so that you proffer a lay of the land for readers not familiar with where you are at with your current product(s) and/or service(s).That section covers the product attributes, current pricing, current distribution and services offered. This should be about a page or two in length. For the purposes of this Marketing Plan series we will assume you are a new company and dive straight into defining the market. That is why the first part of the situational analysis is called the Market Analysis. This subsection of the situation analysis section should be about two to four pages in length and provides actionable information on selling to target buyers and stimulating purchases or usage by the ultimate end users.Key questions answered in this subsection include description of target buyers or end users in demographic, psychographic, and modus vivendi terms target buyer/end user wants, needs, attitudes, and perceptions of category products and services where target buyers/end users are located and how to reach them, which segments of the total market or category are growing or declining and why. You will need to tell the story in a way that makes sense to you and your readers so the following outline should be arranged as you see fit Target Market Approach Start with a description of your total potential market (your potential cust omers).Present a general strategy that is used to reach targeted customers that might include a mass market or segmentation approach. get out the needs/benefits sought-after(a) by market, the product usage, the positioning and what peoples attitudes are regarding the product you are selling and the product category in general. Target Market Profile(s) compel and describe the demographic/psychographic profile(s) of the market including elements such as gender, income, age, occupation, education, family life cycle, geographic expanse, lifestyle, attitudes, purchasing characteristics, etc.Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Target Market Motivations Since you know the profile(s) within your target market you need to apologize what motivates them to buy your products/services. Begin by describing how your product/service satisfies the needs of this market. Follow up with describing the particular customers that you will target. Expand into the size of your total potential marke t (number of potential customers), and then drill down into your target market so that you can make the motivational case you set out to in the first place.Target Market Purchasing Strategy Ok, great. You have the market explained, the target profiles done, the market motivations are worked out, now how are people gonna buy your amazingly cool new widget? Well, you need to detail that out in your purchasing strategy. First, you will need to explain how the target market makes their purchases. Then explain what is involved in the decision-making process and the timeline for the purchase (is it an impulse buy or something that takes an extended period of time).Finally you will cover who influences and then makes the purchase. Target Market yield Strategy To wrap things up you will need to provide market size estimates but keep in mind these are estimates for the market, not for a ad hoc product. You will need to provide size estimates for the potential market that include the large st possible market that would buy. Then you need to narrow your focus and provide estimates of size for the current target market (how many actually purchased this kind of product) and provide estimates for these growth rates.Lastly, all of this needs to be projected out for at least through the timeframe for the plan (e. g. , 1 year) but most likely longer (e. g. , 3-5 year projections). A Final Thought on Numbers end-to-end all of these explanations it is critical that you need to support estimates with factual data. You can have the best laid plans with awesome projections but if you have nothing to back up your story and make your case you are just fooling yourself that your strategy is the right one. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Section 2 Analysis and CompetitionPart 6 Understanding and Beating the Competition This is the second part of the situational analysis which deals with the competition and appropriately called Competitor Analysis. I mentioned in Part 5 that the Situational Analysis is probably one of the hardest sections you will write and this section validates that pedagogy. You believe your product/service is the best on the market but not just to validate yourself but to validate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats along with trends of those competitors.Here is how the Competitor Analysis sub-sections break down Competitive Landscape First you need to identify major competitors name, location, and market share. The best thing to do is create a table that allows clear comparisons of your product/service with that of your major competitors (brand name, quality, image, price, etc. ). Then you need to perform a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats) analysis (coming in a future post) and compare your firm with that of your major competitors.Include factors such as company reputation, size, distribution avenues, location, financial standing, target market perception and if relevant, research and develo pment capabilities. After your SWOT analysis is complete, use that as sounding board to honestly evaluate your chances as the new competition and how successfully you would be able to enter this market. Include your thoughts and observations on what you have learned from watching the competition and you can learn from the good and bad parts of their business models to change magnitude your chances of success. Competitive OpportunitiesWhile in the competitive landscape doing much of the SWOT analysis, you should include a section that really expands on the opportunities you uncover because those usually end up being the foundation for things like your marketing messaging and web site content. It is designed to really expose the differentiators that make you stand out in a competitive marketplace. Competitive Trends This section is where you should discuss the trends of your competitors. This includes whether your competitors sales increasing, decreasing or steady. Answering those qu estions clue into the growth or decline of competitors from a shifting market shareConfidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC perspective and also from a more macro market size perspective. This should also help you identify any future competitive threats that your team should be made aware of but not focused on, but. Describe direct competitors in terms of Target markets served Product attributes Pricing progression statistical distribution including the distributor network Services offered Discuss competitors strengths and weaknesses May need to consider much more than just marketing issues such as financial standing target market perception R & D capabilities Part 7 Technology, Economy and SociopoliticalAnalysis As we continue our Marketing Plan Series and keep work our way through the Situational Analysis we make a pit stop to talk about the macro-level environments that impact your marketing and your competition. This part of the Situational Analysis is usually called E nvironmental Problems and Opportunities and is about 1-2 pages in length. This could easily turn into a diatribe about politics and economics so what you need to focus on in this sub-section is how technology, the economy and the socio-political environment affect the marketing of your products/services. The Technological EnvironmentWhen you discuss the technological environment entail about how you create/leverage/affect creating new ways of satisfying needs (i. e. employ technology to enhance the demand for existing products). Innovation can create or wipe out industries and businesses in less than a year. One example is the popularity and convenience of DVD players all but eliminated the sale of VCRs and seriously depressed the manufacture and sale of video tapes. This is especially important for you if your product is technology based. The Economic Environment Regardless of the current state of the economy, there will be good times and not so good times.You need to describe ho w your company will survive and grow in this most challenging of economies. Look at the bright side, if you can find the opportunities and sell successfully in this market you could position yourself as almost recession-proof in the long run. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC The Socio-Political Environment These are governmental policies and regulations that affect the market. It is also the economic environment around your company which is the business cycle, inflation rate, interest rates, and other macroeconomic issues.For example, here in America there is a sweeping trend to dress more casually, with function and comfort driving new clothing and shoe trends. People are cooking less and are more concerned about nutrition and fat in their diets. And today, American business people are less willing to sacrifice family life for business careers. These types of factors can impact the marketability of your product or service. Part 8 Financial Summaries that Sing You cant have a product discussion and not include financial for the number geeks in all of us.We will dive into our Marketing Plan Financials in Plan incline toward the end of the series but many will need to connect some financial dots in the situational analysis at a high level leaving the detailed freeze (budgeting, break even analysis and silver flow analysis) for the back of the book. This section should be about 2-4 pages in length and kids, keep it pretty for the rest of us. Now while you will need to write some short paragraphs to explain your information, tables and graphs are your friend here. The Financial Analysis section is separated into two general areas sales and profitability Part 1 Sales AnalysisIn this section you need to focus on the current sales that your industry and you business are doing across segments, product categories and various distribution channels. allows break it down like this Overall Industry and Market Share Sales for the complete Market Sales for Y our Company Sales for Your Competitors Sales By Segments and/or Product Categories Sales by segments and/or product categories Sales by company product(s) Sales at this level compared to competition Sales By Distribution Channel Sales for each channel Sales for company product(s) by channel Sales for Your Competitors by hannel Sales By Geography Sales for Each Region Sales for company product(s) by region Sales for Your Competitors by region Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Part 2 Profitability Analysis Since we focused on sales which is really revenues, we need to splice this up and see what is actually profitable. Just because you can make money from it does not mean you make a profit. You will need to look across the revenues and include the marketing associate expenses. Lets break it down like this Revenue Breakdown o Use the sales numbers from above but identify realized revenues not just projectionsMarketing Expense Breakdown o Direct Marketing Expenses These are the expenses that are tied to the product(s) and must be identified in that way o Indirect or Proportional Marketing Expenses These are the general administrative and broad marketing expenses that may be assigned to a product based on some criteria like percentage of sales or a pre-determined distribution amount. Lastly, remember that this is the 30,000 foot view Since this part of the situational analysis, you are using this sub-section to make your point and support your overall analysis. Stay high level More detailed financial stuff comes later and in the marketing plan and we will do explain it in plain English later in this book. Part 9 The SWOT Analysis Dance Concluding our dive into the sub-sections of the situational analysis, we wrap up with the all important SWOT analysis. It is a dance of sorts because you have to dance around the fact that in some ways your competitors might have over you but it is better that you learn this now and how to work around it or market against it that will help you in the long run. The term SWOT analysis stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats.Start with posing these sessions to your brainstorming team atomic number 18 your competitors becoming stronger? Are there emerging trends that amplify one of your weaknesses? Do you see other external threats to your companys success? Internally, do you have financial, development, or other problems? Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Lets break each part down and then wrap up with some the advantages this section can offer you and your team Strengths Here is where you must capture the positive aspects internal to your business that add value or offer you a competitive advantage.This is an opportunity to remind yourself of the value existing within your business. moot about what your company does well. You should address the strengths within your business that add value to your product or your marketing efforts. You should also describ e your positive tangible and intangible attributes. Weaknesses These are factors that detract from your ability to have a competitive edge. It includes the negative aspects internal to your business that distracting customers from seeing the value you offer or place you at a competitive disadvantage. These are areas you need to enhance in order to deal with your best competitor.The more accurately you identify your weaknesses, the more valuable the SWOT Analysis is to your readers. Some questions to help you get started are What do your customers complain about? What are the unmet needs of your sales force? We continue breaking each part down. Opportunities Traditionally, a SWOT looks only at the external environment for opportunities. I suggest you look externally for areas your competitors are not fully covering, then go a step further and think how to match these to your internal strengths. Remember, these are opportunities external to your business.If you have identified opport unities that are internal to the organization and within your control, you will want to classify them as strengths. Try to uncover areas where your strengths are not being fully utilized. Are there emerging trends that fit with your companys strengths? Is there a product/service area that others have not yet covered? Threats What situations might threaten your marketing efforts? You have to ask this hard question. sop up your worst fears on the table. A threat is a challenge created by an unfavorable trend or development that may lead to deteriorating revenues or profits.As with opportunities, threats in a traditional SWOT analysis are considered an external force. By looking both inside and outside of your company for things that could damage your business, however, you may be better able to see the big picture. Competition existing or potential is always a threat. Other threats may include intolerable price increases by suppliers, government regulation, economic downturns, deva stating media or press coverage, a shift in consumer behavior that reduces your sales, or the introduction of a leap-frog technology that may make your products, equipment, or services obsolete.Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Advantages of a SWOT Analysis Uncovering Opportunities This is where you look externally for areas your competitors are not fully covering, then go a step further and think how to match these to your internal strengths. Try to uncover areas where your strengths are not being fully utilized. Are there emerging trends that fit with your companys strengths? Is there a product/service area that others have not yet covered? once you have exposed these opportunities take each one and discuss how you will market them.Will it be a mixed marketing campaign? A targeted sales effort? What resources will you need (e. g. new collateral, selling guides, web site content, e- billet marketing)? Advantages of a SWOT Analysis Address and Overcome Problems Problems a re not necessarily a bad thing. They are just issues that need to be overcome. It is better to get out front of problems that may exist than have them rear their ugly take aim when you are selling or raising money. Problems could be strong competitors, your product lacking critical features that you are not able to roll out yet or a long sales cycle.You should list each problem and discuss an approach to overcome them in a sales situation and with specific marketing messages that counter what a customer might be thinking. Part 10 Mapping Out Your Marketing Objectives OK. You are half done the marketing plan and while you might scream only half at the top of your lungs, you have suffered through the tough part the analysis. You have spent time building the case that your products/services are competitive, viable and profitable. Now that you have proved that point you have to demonstrate how you are gonna actually do it.The first part of telling this second half is setting out the overall objectives in the marketing plan. Now lets breakdown the Marketing Objectives section. We have put together this great breakdown and outline of how you might want to structure the objectives section. Please note, some of this outline may or may not apply to your business so use this as a suggestion and not a list of requirements. Target market objectives Market Share total, by segments and by channel Customers total, by number/percentage new, by number/percentage retainedConfidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Channel Objectives Dealers total, by number/percentage new, by number/percentage retained Order Processing and Delivery on-time rate, shrinkage rate, correct order rate Promotional Objectives Level of brand/company awareness avocation building (e. g. store traffic, web site traffic) Product Trials (e. g. sales promotions, product demonstrations) Sales Force (e. g. cycle time, cost per call, closing rate, customer visits, etc. chronic our breakdown and out line of how you might want to structure the objectives section.Please note, some of this outline may or may not apply to your business so use this as a suggestion and not a list of requirements. Market Research Objectives Studies Initiated Studies Completed R&D Objectives Product Development Other Objectives Partnerships demonstrable Rate of Purchases, size/volume of purchases Purchases Advice on Setting Your Objectives Remember these are objectives that you expect to meet so keep in mind that these should be achievable. I have used the SMART approach to setting objectives and that stands for Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Realistic and Time-based.Section 3 Strategy and Action Part 11 Setting Your Marketing Strategy Once you have completed writing your Marketing Objectives, as discussed oldly in Mapping Out Your Objectives, you need to write your marketing strategy. The marketing strategy section of your plan outlines your game plan to achieve your marketing objectives. T here is no other way to say it but this section which is in the center, is essentially the heart of the marketing plan. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC The marketing strategy section should then include information that revolves around the 4Ps of Marketing.Dont know what they are? Lets do a quick refresher The 4Ps of Marketing are a fewer decades old but are the most basic and chaste way of slicing up your marketing strategy. They are broken down as follows Product your product(s) and services Price what you will charge customers for products and services Promotion how you will promote or create awareness of your product in the marketplace Place (distribution) how you will bring your product(s) together with your customers. Product Describe in detail your products or services in terms of the features and benefits they offer customers.Describe what you need to have or do to provide your product or service (how its produced). Pricing List the price of your products and describe your pricing strategy. List price ranges for product lines. For example, if your product is a line of cosmetics, include information in this strategy section about your lipsticks ranging in price from $5. 00 to $15. 00 per item kind of than a detailed product price list. (You should, however, consider including a detailed price list in the Supporting Documents section. ) Describe any price flexibility or negotiating room, as is common with large purchases such as houses or cars.Outline any discounts you offer for long-term customers, bulk purchases or prompt payment. Also, include the terms of sale, such as net due in 30 days, extended payment plans, and whether you rent credit cards Promotion Plan A promotion plan describes the tools or tactics used to accomplish your marketing objectives. In your Action Programs section, you will describe the steps that need to be taken in detail, when they should be done, who will do them, and so on. If your marketing objective is to Create awareness of fry care products among mothers of newborns.Increase sales of potato chips to teens. Then tools or tactics might be Advertise in baby care or motherhood magazines. administrate product samples to obstetricians. Offer free baby care seminars to expectant mothers. Distribute free samples or discount coupons at high school football games. shop an event attended by teens. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Placement (Sales and Distribution) In this section, describe how your products and customers meet or come together through sales and distribution. Describe your sales philosophies and methods.Do you employ an aggressive sales method for a large number of quick sales, or a relaxed method where the emphasis is on having customers whole step comfortable to come back another time even if they dont buy now? Do you use contract sales people or employees? Explain your approach to sales issues. Describe your distribution system. (Where will your product b e placed so customers have access to it? ) A few points about distribution to address in your marketing plan are Is the exchange of the product made in a store? Through the mail? Through a direct sales part?What are your production and inventory capacities? (How quickly can you make products and how many can you store? ) Are there cyclical fluctuations or seasonal demands for your products? For example, if you produce Christmas decorations, how will you manage peak production and sales periods as well as slow periods? Do you sell to individuals or to re-sellers? Your company may use more than one method. For example, you may sell directly to customers who place large orders but also sell to customers who buy small quantities of your product through retail outlets. Part 12 Action PlansThe Action Plan covers the Who, Where and How Much of your plan. You should look at this section as the to do list with budget numbers and separate it into sub-sections or miniplans that are involved i n your marketing efforts. They can include but are not limited to the following Publicity Marketing Plan How do you pitch? I am not talking fastballs, but rather using the media to fiesta the word about your business. You could also call this mini-plan your media plan and it includes the cost and tasks involved in pitching stories to the press and writing press releases on a undifferentiated basis.Customer Marketing Plan No small business can survive without customers and smart business know that it is FAR cheaper to keep the customers you have than always working to replace them with new ones. This mini-plan talks about what activities you will undertake with your current customers and the types of targeted offers you will be making to retain them. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Advertising Plan Now we all know that most traditional advertising is hit or miss and it is hard to track results.However, there are more and more promotional programs that provide you with a way to measure results that you can create a mini-plan of where you are going to advertise and how much of it you will be doing. mesh Marketing Plan Every one these days has a web site. If you dont and you are small business, then that is another matter. If you are a small business that is actively engaged on the web to promote your products or services then you need to include a separate mini-plan on Internet marketing that could include search engine optimization, pay-per-click advertising and any other online campaigns.Promotional Event Plan Related to advertising and Internet marketing the promotional event plan includes different promotional activities such as, having sales, sponsoring contests, awards, or events. Referral Marketing Plan All small businesses need referral business. In fact, it is how many survive and even thrive. Here is where you need to identify specific programs that will add incentive for those that value your work enough to tell others about you. Budg eting AKA The Bottom LineWe all wish we could do awesome and cool marketing campaigns but we are quickly brought back to reality when the limitations of our budgets are staring us in the face. belittled Business Notes provides some great advice on putting together your budget. Estimate the cost of the marketing activities youve described in the marketing plan so you will have a budget to keep everyone on track over the course of the year. Typical marketing expense categories are marketing communications, market research, promotions, advertising, events and familiar relations.Because marketing needs and costs vary widely, there are no simple rules for determining what your marketing budget should be. A popular method with small business owners is to allocate a small percentage of gross sales for the most recent year. This usually amounts to about two percent for an existing business. However, if you are planning on launching a new product or business, you may want to increase your marketing budget figure, to as much as 10 percent of your expected gross sales. Another method used by small business owners is to analyze and estimate the competitions budget and either match or exceed it.Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Section 3 Strategy and Action Part 13 Sales Projections in Plain English What Are Components of Sales Projections? Projection of sales is an important part of the marketing plan. Part of the sales projection work is planning for a better effect in the future and correcting past motion with which you are not satisfied. You do this by finding out what profit contribution each sales representative makes. One goal of measuring a sales representatives performance is improvement assistance. This is done in the marketing personnel section of the marketing plan. follow of Goods per Unit Worksheet This is the first antecedent worksheet you must complete. The reason you have to start here is because these are the basic costs of raw materials, prod uction labor and other costs that, once added up, give you the cost of goods per unit number you will need to get the Estimated Sales Table completed. Estimated Sales Table Worksheet This is a preliminary worksheet that helps you figure out what the total sales and cost of goods sold are for each product year by year. You need to include the units, or number of things, sold by each product line. Take each number times the elling price of each product and you will get the actual sales for each product. Tally that number up and create a column called % of sales and divide each number by the total and you can see how much each product brings in as a share of the entire sales projection. You should already have the Cost of Goods Sold per unit from the previous section. Put that number in after the % of sales and then multiply that number times the units and put the result into a new column called Cost of Goods sold total. Once that is done, do the same thing we did with % of sales and c reate a % of Cost of Goods Sold.Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Sales Projections Worksheet This is where all the hard work comes into focus and you break things down by months that give you the total amount you put together in the estimated sales table. You will use a concept called weighing which is basically splitting 100% across 12 months as to when you think that total amount will be met each month. Think of busy periods where sales are way up and slow periods where it is way down. A good example is retail with busy holiday periods and slow winters and then busy back to school sales. You will also include he cost of goods sold numbers and percentages that breakdown according to the weighing you set up for each month overall. These projections are also used on the business plan financials as revenue projections in the way they organize the business. You should also be aware how important this is not only from path your marketing division but when investors want to dive a layer deeper in the business plan and your numbers are what will back things up. It will also be used in other business plan financials but we will get into that in the next two sections. Part 14 The Break Even Analysis in Plain EnglishWe continue talking plain English with you in this fun and crazy world of marketing plan financials and move on to the all important Breakeven Analysis. The Breakeven Analysis is especially useful when youre developing a pricing strategy, either as part of a marketing plan or a business plan. The Breakeven Analysis is actually pretty straightforward and asks one question when do you break even and turn a profit? Simple. Not quite but I will explain in plain English. You mean there is a formula for this thing? Yes, you knew I would eventually get to a formula, but fear not math haters, it is straightforward.Fixed be divided by (Revenue per unit Variable costs per unit) Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Fixed Costs Fixed costs are costs th at must be paid whether or not any units are produced. Things like rent and equipment fall into this category. These costs are fixed only over a qualify period of time or range of production. Variable Costs Variable costs are the things that make it fun and go up and down based on your production levels. Things like materials, labor, overhead are in this category. Lets give you a real exampleIf your total fixed costs were $500,000, the price tag of your product (unit) was $25, and your variable Costs were $15, the equation would look like this 500,000/25-15 = 500,000/10 = 50,000 You would need to sell 50,000 units to break even. Everything over that is profit and you jump to the bank. Still, this not a perfect equation Bplans. com points out that this equation, while important, can be misread or misinterpreted. Here are some key things they point out It is frequently mistaken for the payback period, the time it takes to recover an investment. There are variations on break even t hat make some people think we have it wrong.The one we do use is the most common, the most universally accepted, but not the only one possible. It depends on the concept of fixed costs, a hard idea to swallow. Technically, a break-even analysis defines fixed costs as those costs that would continue even if you went broke. Instead, you may want to use your regular running fixed costs, including payroll and normal expenses. This will give you a better insight on financial realities. We call that burn rate these post-Internet days. It depends on averaging your per-unit variable cost and per-unit revenue over the whole business.However, whether we like it or not, this equation is a cornerstone of financial analysis. You may choose to leave it out, but really, a business or marketing plan would not be complete without it. Part 15 Sales Cash Flow parameters in Plain English As important as when you will break even, you must be able to show how, on a monthly basis, you will manage the gold flow to support the business and not sink it from an overly ambitious strategy and action plan. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC Similar to the Cash Flow contestation in a Business PlanThe cash flow statement reports the cash generated and used during the time interval specified in its heading. The period of time that the statement covers is chosen by the company. For example, the heading may state For the Three Months Ended December 31, 2007? or The Fiscal Year Ended September 30, 2008?. For many, looking at a cash flow statement it looks a bit weird but it provides a different, yet critically important view of the business. For the marketing plan, you need to create a subset of this that eventually rolls up into the business plan to support it and give detailed projections.Three Sections of a Marketing Plan Case Flow Statement For the purpose of the marketing plan cash flow statement that flows up and reports to the master cash flow statement, there are three section s that must be created Operating Activities, Investing Activities, Financing Activities. We explain these on the next few pages. SECTION 1 Operating Activities This section converts the items reported on the income statement from the accruement (you book the sale but you might not have the money yet) basis of accounting and includes the following Cash receipts from sales or for the performance of servicesPayroll and other payments to employees Payments to suppliers and contractors Rent payments Payments for utilities Tax payments SECTION 2 Investing Activities Investing activities include capital expenditures disbursements that are not charged to expense but rather are capitalized as assets on the balance sheet. Investing activities also include investments (other than cash equivalents as indicated below) that are not part of your normal line of business. These cash flows could include Purchases of property, plant and equipment Proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipmentPurchases of stock or other securities (other than cash equivalents) Proceeds from the sale or redemption of investments Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC SECTION 3 Financing Activities Financing activities include cash flows relating to the businesss debt or equity financing Proceeds from loans, notes, and other debt instruments Installment payments on loans or other repayment of debts Cash received from the issuance of stock or equity in the business Dividend payments, purchases of treasury stock, or returns of capital all important(predicate) Dont Forget to Include an Expense BudgetBecause you will be estimating cash inflows for various product lines you must account for the expenses that are incurred related to them. This must include enough detail to track expenses month by month and follow up on plan-vs. -actual analysis. Thats a Wrap Well, this concludes our 15-part series on writing a marketing plan. We hope you have learned new things and relearned things forgotten long ago. The following pages include extra resource for this Guide to Writing a Killer Marketing. We hope you have enjoyed this series and visit GrowSmartBusiness. com for more great content to help you grow your business.Additional Resources Small Business Administration http//www. sba. gov micturate http//score. org American Marketing Association http//www. marketingpower. com/ Microsoft Small Business Center http//www. microsoft. com/smallbu siness/hub. mspx Microsoft Startup Center http//www. microsoft. com/smallbusiness/startu p-toolkit/default. aspx How to do a Competitive Analysis http//www. ehow. com/how_5220467_writecompetitive-analysis. html Writing a Marketing Plan http//www. knowthis. com/principles-ofmarketing-tutorials/how-to-write-a-marketingplan/ http//www. entrepreneur. com/marketing/marke ingbasics/marketingplan/article43018. html http//www. marketingforsuccess. com/MFSmarketingplan. html Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC About the Author Steve Fisher Blogs http//stevefisher. me http//rulesforbusiness. com http//shootyourshow. com Connect with him on Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Plaxo or Flickr. Steve has been actively writing about small business and innovation since the late 90s on how small business could leverage the Web and stellar customer experiences to innovate their business and compete with the largest of competitors. He was among the arly thought leaders on the intersection of user experience, customer service and innovation. Steve currently is Managing Principal of AppSolve. In its 10th year, Appsolve specializes in user experience design, enterprise web development and online community management. Through AppSolve, he works with Network Solutions to manage its online small business community. Prior to that he was founder and CEO of Slipstream Air, a software provider to the private air travel industry. It was sold in 2008 to JIT Airline Resources, which rebranded as Slipstream Aviation Software. Steve ha s also held key leadership ositions at Global Network Solutions, OnSite Technologies, IKON, USConnect, Ryland and Wells Fargo. He has published several e-books on Small Business Management, User Experience, Online Marketing and Innovation. Currently, he is working on his first book, 101 Rules for Entrepreneurs slated for a Spring 2010 release. He holds a Bachelor of Science in Business from University of Baltimore and on a personal note he is a great airplane pilot, a horribly slow 5K runner, a fairly talented musician and a budding concert photographer. He currently resides in Columbia, MD, USA. Confidential 2009 Network Solutions, LLC

Crime is Predominantly an Intra-Racial Event Essay

Introduction Society has this perception that it is other races why crime occurs. Some plenty load these crimes on blacken-on-black crimes, or Hispanics-on-Hispanics crimes. Being that crime seems to be predominantly an intra-racial event involving victims and off completioners of the same race will this type of destruction ever come to an end?While interviewing two of my co-workers while we were on break in between our runs, it was very interesting to learn of their intakes on this particular topic. The first co-worker I talked to is Hispanic. His forebode is Steven. Steven agrees that crime in a way is predominantly an intra-racial event, involving victims and offenders of the same race. Steven relates Hispanic-on-Hispanic intra-racial crime because of economic gaps in community. Steven feels that Hispanics are always given such a hard time when it comes to getting jobs. Hispanics are always first asked if they have a green card and can they legally work here in the United Sta tes. Steven says this comes from his own experience in trying to get a job as a mechanic. He felt very offended because of the stereotypes that order of magnitude put on people of his origin.Steven says that he may be Hispanic but he was born and raised here in the United States. His parents were in the military, where they were stationed in San Antonio, Texas. His parents are from San Juan, Puerto Rico. Steven feels that this intra-racial crime comes from Hispanics having a lack of work and education to support their families. Steven has witnessed his own people killing one another over fearing organism deported back to their country. Hispanics cross the border so that they can raise their families in a better environment with better opportunities.The second co-worker I talked to is African-American. His name is Chuck.Chucks outlook on intra-racial crime is very similar to Stevens outlook. Chuck feels that intra-racial crimes are a choice. Chuck grew up watching black-on black cri mes like gangs killing other gangs because of crossing into their territory. Chuck says that society plays a big part in why blacks act the way that they do. He believes that society puts out negative stereotypes about blacks and people run with it. Chuck says black-on-black crime comes from a number of things like kids killing kids with illegal guns found in their houses, medicate deals gone bad, young black men fighting in the clubs over females or fighting in the streets over a senseless argument. Crime Is predominantly an Intra-Racial Event 2Both Steven and Chuck agree that no matter what the situation may be, these unfortunate intra-racial crimes should not even occur. They both feel that people need to get a better education and obtain some type of work skill which is positive.ConclusionIntra-racial crimes leave families in disarray. Black-on-black crimes can be avoided if they are yes, re-educated and taught a trade to learn a meaningful skill. These crimes can be cut down tremendously and the African-American race can undertake rebuilding. Hispanic-on-Hispanic crimes could also be cut in half if those who are here in the United States legally or who have their green cards, could go to cultivate and get and education and earn a degree to help better them. Hispanics could also go to a trading school and get the skills that they need to notice decent work. This way, Hispanics do not have to be paid under the table and they can earn a decent paycheck to help in supporting their families.The victims in these intra-racial crimes are the ones who have been hurt and families destroyed. The offenders in these intra-racial crimes just make excuses why they did as they feel that they had to do. Many offenders have no repentance for their actions and to them, it is everyone elses fault but their own.

Culture Assessment Essay

A widely accepted definition of boldnessal civilization is it is the shargond meanings, artifacts, values, beliefs, norms, and assumptions that dictate how an organization works and its existence (Cameron & Quinn, 2006). system cultivation is shaped by more than one element say individuals life experiences, background, education levels and so fourth. Undoubtedly, leadership also plays a critical case in defining what culture prevails in the organization and their actions earn a major influence on how the rest of the organization follows suit.(Robbins et al, 2000) Additionally organization culture defines the strategies that a firm uses in handling things like competition, growth, resource management and the like. (Goffee & Jones, 1996) A good assessment of the cultural orientation of a firm makes it likelier to call forth interorganisational network and also implement changes that encourage member participation and productivity. The key indicators of organizational culture inc lude organization structure, power and managerial styles, ways in which members of the organization interact and do their jobs among others.This paper withstands a look at FedEx Corporation and gives a summary of the type of organization culture at FedEx, its advantages, hindrances as well as the recommendations of the company. Company overview FedEx Corporation is a mountainous company headquartered in the US that deals in printing, courier services and logistics as well as cargo airline services. This company has been named one of the top 10 most admirable companies by Fortune magazine two years in a row. Since its founding in 1971 it has grown from humble beginnings a leader in air courier industry.Its brands include the FedEx home delivery, FedEx smart post and FedEx freight atomic number 99 and west, FedEx services among others. Its chief competitors are DHL, TNT, UPS, BAX Global and USPS. The company employs over 250,000 workers and has a net income of approximately 1. 8 billion dollars in 2006. Culture assessment The organization culture at FedEx blends different kinds of organization culture but perhaps the most predominant culture is flexibility discretion and dynamism. This has been its major strategy of staying ahead.To incite this, FedEx takes pride in their ability to adapt to change so as to enhance effectiveness and competitiveness. (Cameron & Quinn, 2006, p. 34) This it achieves by combining innovation, knowledge sharing, high experience and aggroup work in its key strategies to attaining competitive advantage. A good illustration of FedEx external focus is evident in the numerous deliveries of relief supplies that FedEx made to hurricane Katrina victims for stop in 2005, earning it more customers and goodwill. Adhocracy orientation at FedEx is fostered at top level management down to the junior staff.The CEO of FedEx encourages employees to be trend setters and nonconformist and presume to take calculated risk. The management encoura ges employees to be all ears on current events and look for opportunities. The guiding philosophy is that an innovation failed is better than a thousand years lost in risk averse dealings. Innovation at FedEx is held with high regard and employees are rewarded handsomely for developing fresh ideas. The management supports viable projects from employees financially or otherwise. This is one reason why FedEx distinguishes itself as an evergreen company in the air courier industry.This culture is underscored when creative attempts that fail are rewarded as well as the successful innovations. The familiar slogan absolutely, positively gets it there overnight is made real by the culture ingrained in the employees towards impressiveness of customer service, efficiency at work, speed and accurate scheduling. This culture leverages FedEx for competitive advantage. Basically, the FedEx corporate culture emphasizes urgency, speed and teamwork, exceeding customers expectations, initiative, fl exibility and active listening (OReilly, Tushman & Michael, 1997)digression from the flexible nature at FedEx, it also adopts an outwardly and sensitive approach to the environment that it operates. Competitiveness fosters the company to always look for opportunities to expand and grow. While the frigid of this culture is to foster integration and unity within the organization as well as knowledge some elements of this culture are also symbolise at FedEx. This is because FedEx emphasizes high skills among employees. Employees at FedEx are highly learned individuals as the company only picks the best of the best.Working ones way up the corporate break away requires that ones knowledge base also increases. In addition, the internal focus of FedEx organizational culture provides an appropriate environment that enables employees to grow and exercise their skills as seen in the various training and task assignments delegated to employees. In order for knowledge sharing to be maximized then division of labor, job enrichment, team building and so forth have to be conducted regularly (Murray, Poole & Jones, 2005) some aspects of these are present at FedEx.FedEx corporate culture values hard work and rewards such appropriately. It also disregards discriminations and fosters equal opportunities for its employees in areas of promotion, transfer and recruitment. The hands off team oriented management style promote progressive and diversified work culture. Communication is a key strong point for FedEx organization culture and regular surveys on employees views on the job are taken to monitor and modify areas of universal discontent. Notably, the employees at FedEx are highly go through and skilled individuals.The culture therefore is based on letting employees be free agents who direct their jobs in their own direction. The management ensures that employees are proactive and take initiative to learn from mistakes of others. The employees are not reprimanded or penaliz ed for slip-ups rather management takes the blunder as an opportunity to teach the rest. Most of the tasks done at FedEx are assigned to teams which are given sufficient power and authority to fulfill their responsibilities and be accountable for the results. Seemingly this is the reason behind the great success of FedEx.The benefit of the cultures present at FedEx is that the company is maintains its competitiveness amid intense competition from the competitors. Additionally, it deals with fewer conflicts, fewer staff turnover and enjoys increase in employees job satisfaction, higher capital punishment less resistance to change, higher productivity and better customer service and so forth. The hindrances of this kind of organization culture are that it requires major investment in time and money. The management needs to be patient with employee mistakes which are most times costly.Additionally it is difficult to monitor this practice in the FedEx Company because of the large workf orce and the busy schedules that the employees have. Conclusion The organizational culture at FedEx has both benefits and detrimental aspects although many are the benefits. In the competitive faced paced industry that FedEx operates their culture seem most fitting. Perhaps the only thing that I would improve is the hierarchal structure and the communication channels for free flow of information and blistering decision making throughout the organization.

Granting Finance and Non-Fund Based Limits Essay

For the purpose of granting finance, posits are lending by way of fund found limits as well as non fund based limits. The following are treated as fund based limitsa) Lock and key type against of make merry of goodsb) Open factory type pledge or open key advance against hypothecation of goodsc) Advance against hypothecation of goodsd) Advance against book debtse) Advance against bills.The following are considered as non fund based limits granted by the banks to the publicLetter of credit and bank guaranteesBanks normally undertake a proper appraisal of the financial stand and requirement of the customer for non fund based facilities as in the case of fund based ones. This is because though the bank in the case of non funded facility, commits itself to pay all in the event of non-payment by or non performance of the customer, the possibility of the given non-funded credit facility resolving into real or funded credit facility on the customers default or non performance cannot b e ruled out.Letter of creditA letter of credit is a written labour given by a bank on behalf of its customer who is a buyer, to the supplied, promising to pay a certain sum of money provided the supplier complies with the call and conditions embodied in the letter of credit. A letter of credit is required where the supplier of goods and services deals with unknown parties or otherwise feels the need to safeguard his interest. In such circumstances he stipulates in his sales contract with the buyer that the goods will be supplied and payment made single under a banks letter of credit. Under a banks letter of credit a conditional commitment to make the payment is made by the bank which gives an assurance to the supplier that he will receive the necessary payment provided he does what the buyer requires him to do, within the time period specified in that regard.Whereas in the case of fund based limits, the banks deal with goods, in the case of letter of credits, they deal with docum ents and not in goods and the transactions are executed only on the basis of the documents. The letter of credit is an autonomous transaction quite distinct from the sale and purchase on which it may be based. The bank issue the letter of credit has to make up its mind within a reasonable time on receipt of the documents whether to accept or reject them. ordinarily the letter of credits issued the banks are governed by the Uniform customs and practice for documentary credits of the International Chamber of Commerce situated at Paris. telephone extensionhttp//classof1.com/homework-help/finance-homework-help/

Problem of Stereotype Essay

Stereotypes may lead ineffective communication when we channel with strangers. Our stereotypes tend to be activated self-loadingally when we categorize strangers and when we are not communicating mindfully (see von Hippel, Sekaquaptewa, & Vargas, 1995). We, thitherfore, unconsciously try to confirm our expectations when we communicate with strangers. Our stereotypes constrain strangers patterns of communication and engender stereotype-confirming communication. In other words, stereotypes create self-fulfilling prophecies. We tend to see look that confirms our expectations even when it is absent.We ignore disconfirming evidence when communicating on automatic pilot. When we communicate on automatic pilot, we do not cognitively process all the information about others that is available to us (Johnston & Macrae, 1994). Generally, the greater our cultural and linguistic knowledge, and the more our beliefs overlap with those of the strangers with whom we communicate, the slight the li kelihood there will be misunderstandings. To increase our accuracy in making prediction, we must try to understand which social identity is guiding strangers behavior in a particular situation.And to be effective in communication with strangers, we must keep our minds open and be mindful. Since stereotypes are a natural harvest of the communication process, they influence the way we process information. Stereotyping is the result of our tendency to overestimate the degree of association between group membership and psychological attributes. While there may be some association between group membership and psychological characteristics of members, it is much smaller than we assume when we communicate on automatic pilot.When we communicate on automatic pilot, we interpret incoming messages on the basis of the symbolic systems we learned as children. Besides, our processing of information is biased in the direction of maintaining the pre-existing belief systems. We remember more favor able information about our ingroups and more unfavorable information about outgroups (Hewstone & Giles, 1986). So we tend to process information that is pursuant(predicate) with our stereotypes and our stereotypes

Is There a Valid Test of Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory? Essay

Department of Behaviour in Organisations, University of Lancaster on study ieavefrom the Department of Psychology, University of Melbourne There are several ways of stating Herzbergs two-factor possible action of pauperism and all(prenominal) version can be mental testinged in various ways. Those who defend the theory argue that researchers who fail to find support for the theory maintain usually departed from the procedures used by Herzberg. There have been variations in methods of gathering data, categorizing the responses, and analysing the results. These variations whitethorn be justified on the grounds that the strength of either theory lies in its logic and in its ability to withstand deviations from a set method. Some tests of Herzbergs theory are more(prenominal) likely to larn support than others. This was confirmed in a study of London bus crews. However it can be argued that there is more than one valid test of Herzbergs two-factor theory, though some of these are likely to produce contradictory results.The Herzberg theory, or two-factor theory of motivation or Motivator-Hygiene (M-H) theory, has given rise to a atomic pile of investigations and experiments in industry and in many disaccordent types of organizations. Results do not always support Herzberg in fact, exactly about one in triple do so. Donald Hebb once said that when it is a question of survival, theories are like womenfecundity is more important than purity. M-H theory has certainly been very fertilemore so perhaps than any other theory in applied social psychology. Many industrial psychologists have not only survived but indeed thrived on the theory. The fecundity of the theory is not in doubt but its purity certainly is highly hazard.WHAT IS THE THEORY?The theory is in two parts, all(prenominal) of which can be stated in several ways. weaken 1 says that argument factors can be separated into two quite distinct sets the prototypal set consists of factors which contri bute to concern merriment and rarely if at all to job dissatisfaction these factors are called Motivators. The second set consists of job factors which contribute to jobdissatisfaction and rarely if at all to job satisfaction these are the Hygienes. Consequently job satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate dimensions and not the two ends of a hit dimension. This is a flat contradiction of the traditional view in psychology that satisfaction and dissatisfaction constitute a single dimension.The first problem with the theory in institutionalize is that the data usually include a proportion of responses which do not fit this pattern. Some Motivators contribute to dissatisfaction while some Hygienes contribute to satisfaction. Within-factors reversals are cold from rare and sometimes outnumber responses in the expected direction. These incongruent responses are attributed to sampling error, which of course is begging the questionrejecting inconvenient data in lodge to save the theory. The analysis then takes the form of a relative comparisonfor Motivators we predict more satisfaction than dissatisfaction, and for Hygienes we predict more dissatisfaction than satisfaction and test for signification accordingly. What investigators fail to point out is that in doing this they are really reformulating the theory to fit their facts.The revised theory now says, in effect, that Motivators contribute more to satisfaction than to dissatisfaction while Hygienes contribute more to dissatisfaction than satisfaction. This is reasonable but it makes nonsense of the claim that satisfaction and dissatisfaction are separate dimensions. In fact it supports the traditional view of the single continuum different job factors produce ranges of satisfaction-dissatisfaction which are to be found at different positions on the same continuum. develop 2 of the theory is also in two parts. First paying more attention to Motivators (intrinsic job satisfaction or higher order ne eds) impart increase satisfaction but provide not affect any dissatisfaction with the job or, alternatively, improving Motivators will improve organizational efficiency as shown by higher productivity, better quality, better attention and punctuality, trim down labour turnover in short, by improved performance. Second paying moreattention to Hygiene factors (extrinsic job satisfaction or lower order needs) will decrease dissatisfaction but will not increase overall satisfaction or alternatively, there will be no procession in performanceon the contrary, taking costs into account there will be a lowered organizational efficiency because improving Hygienes will cost the organization more money. Notice that for each part of Part 2, i.e. as regards both Motivators and Hygienes, there are alternative predictions.Increase of satisfaction or decrease of dissatisfaction are both theoretically trivial extensions of Part 1 of the theory trivial in that they say no more than is already c ontained in that model. To be fair to the M-H practitioners they do not rest their case on this alternative they are concerned only with the effects on performance and organizational efficiency. Job satisfaction is either a by-product or a step towards better efficiency. This whitethorn tell us something about the value dodging in which they operate but it in no way detracts from the validity of this method of testing their theory. One problem must now be faced. Does Part 2 of the theory depend on Part 1? According to put up & Wigdor (1967, p.385) if the satisfaction-dissatisfaction dichotomy is false then Part 2 is highly suspect.I would argue that if Part 1 is false then Part 2 is irrelevant or must be argued on other grounds. If and only if Part 1 is true, then Part 2 can be tested using the concepts established by Part 1. Another serious difficulty for testing the validity of the theory is the fact that both parts stand on two legs. In Part 1, one leg identifies Motivators whi le the other identifies Hygienes in Part 2 one leg predicts the effects of increasing the potency of Motivators while the other leg deals with changes in Hygienes. Does the theory claim that each part can stand on one leg at a time?If one investigator confirms the Motivator leg but not the Hygiene leg, does Part 1 of the theory stand or fall? And if another investigator follows with the opposite result, confirming Hygienes but not Motivators, does this increase or diminish our confidence in the theory? Similarly for Part 2 of the theory. In any case, testing the effect of putting more weight on the Motivators is a dubious procedure if this is the only change. The effects are not really surprising. The relative ineffectiveness of spending resources on Hygienes, which is what the theory also predicts, may surprise industrial welfare advocates but not cynical managers.In general terms, statements describing the theory are superficially akin(predicate) and do not differ greatly from th e way set out above. For instance Whitsett & Winslow (1967, p.393) in explaining M-H theory say dissatisfaction and those factors that contribute to dissatisfaction are separate and distinct from those factors that contribute to satisfaction. Satisfaction is not opposite from dissatisfaction for they operate on separate continua This is different from traditional thinking As regards Part 2, House & Wigdor (1967, p.371) say The second major hypothesis of the dual-factor theory of motivation is that the satisfiers are effective in motivating the individual to superior performance and effort, but the dissatisfiers are not. Later they add (p.373) If the dual-factor theory were correct, we should expect highly satisfied people to be highly motivated and to produce more which as they point out does not square with the evidence.But though general statements are similar, precise statements, if made at all, are usually inconsistent or at variance with each other. Sometimes there is no argume ntan author assumes that his understanding of the theory is the same as that of others. Or the research design indicates an underlying interpretation of the theory which may be similar to or quite different from that of another study which the author is supporting or refuting but authors seem to be unaware of this. Arguments about what the theory says may be unspoken and have to be inferred. However, sometimes interpretations of the theory are set out in a way that makes possible comparisons with other interpretations. For example. House & Wigdor (1967) include a rank order of importance for the Motivators and for the Hygienes as part of the theory. This reflects the infiuence of Maslow upon Herzberg and may be a reasonable interpretation of Herzbergs intention.On the undivided it seems an unnecessary refinement that makes for extra complications when testing validity. Whitsett & Winslow (1967) accuse Burke (1966) of A unique misinterpretation of the M-H theory . . . since M-H theo ry makes no claim that there should beany fixed order of importance among either motivator or hygiene factors (p.41O). As it happens Burke makes no such claim either. Is overall job satisfaction part of the theory? Not according to Whitsett & Winslow (1967) who say One of the most common and persistent misinterpretations of the Motivation-Hygiene (M-H) theory is the attempt to use measures of overall job satisfaction to make statements purporting to be derived from the theory. The theory does not, and purposely does not, make statements about overall job satisfaction (p.395).In stating that job attitudes must be looked at twice (p.396) they are emphasizing Herzbergs procedure of conducting separate sets of interviews for good critical incidents at work (revealing satisfaction and thusly Motivators) and for bad critical incidents (revealing dissatisfaction and hence Hygienes). Perhaps the most systematic attempt to sort out what the theory really says was made by King (1970) who iden tified five distinct versions of Part 1 of the theory. Some versions are stronger than others because they entail them. King is not always sure that Herzberg was aware of these versions or which of them Herzberg was claiming to support. King classifies the evidence according to whether it is irrelevant or relevant to these theories, and then subdivides the relevant studies into those which support and those which refute any of thesefivetheories. Table 1 sets out Kings five distinct versions of Herzbergs two-factor theory.

Mandatory Second Language Essay

As I was getting ready to go out, Made in China tag of my shirt caught my attention. My shirt traveled many miles to pass water in my hands, I said to myself. Then I looked at my shoes they were made in Bangladesh. I c each(prenominal)ed my computer tech I was transferred in India. For a moment, I thought I was a citizen of a globalized society where borders did not exist. As a matter of fact, U.S companies invest more than $3.5 trillion a twelvemonth to do business in other countries while foreign companies invest more than $2.3 trillion a year to do business in the get together States (Williams, 2013, Intro to Management, 154). Our task is to set those numbers higher, which might not be an easy job if you dont declare other countries language as they speak English. In order for a new generation to face globalization challenges, second language should be mandatory for all U.S students. As we perplex global more foreign business in coming to U.S soil, and more U.S companies are r eaching international market. I also hear wad sound off of high levels of unemployment.The company I arrive at for is aiming to open other 500 hotels in Asia region. Bilinguals are in demand. Most of the qualified trainers must speak another language besides English. Preferably, Chinese or Indian. There is a demand for workers, but skill needed to do the job is missing. The company I work for has signed 21 new deals in China during 2010, compared with 18 all during 2009. And development keeps growing, says Harris Chan, Starwoods vice president of operations support for China and Taiwan. not only that, but according to the standards and policies of the company, every hotel should have a Chinese speaker in the team. Now I have a dilemma should I spend 18 months going for my Masters or should I use that time learning Chinese? Both options are valid for my working(a)(a) career. As I am working for a hotel industry, training is part of the job. The company sent me in Europe for a j ob training.A calendar week in Barcelona I struggled so hard tosharpen my Spanish, before getting to Spain. The city was beautiful and impressive, but it would be better travel experience for me if would be able to tell the waiter how I wanted my eggs cooked, or how to ask for the bus station. What made me feel comfortable was the team I was working with. Everyone spoke another language besides their native ones. They all spoke English. I felt not confident using my broken English stress Spanish. I admit it was uncomfortable than everyone else spoke another language (maybe two) and I was the only one feeling comfortable only in English language. In fact, Spanish, Chinese, or any other language is not a bad idea in the country of melting pot. According to a study of an educational institution on 2010, below are the top ten foreign languages spoken in high schools of New YorkAmerica is the land of immigrants. Along with their traditions, immigrants contribute their languages also. T hat is part of the American culture also. It is our job to maintain it. Not everyone that comes in the U.S soil speaks English. Does that mean, we have to shut the communication with the new immigrants just because of the language barriers? We all agree that, building walls is not an option. From the census of 2013, the governmental authorities stated that As the nation continues to be a destination for people from other lands, this descriptor of language diversity will also likely continue.I believe that, separating from social events just because of the language barrier it is unhealthy for the overall society. Isolation makes people unsocial and less active in their communities, which leads them on building walls instead of bridges. Social health depends on proper communication. Our future generations need to fit in the multicultural and global environment. Our communities grow healthier and stronger is we are capable of speaking each others language. In a conclusion, I would say that a second language is a need for our generations. The latest global business events are requesting it, by developing new multilingual markets. A good allot of the US trade is done with non-English spoken countries.Our future business achievements will depend on how well we will be able to communicate. Second, the American young is facing an intellectual competition with foreigncounterparts on language skills. While the average European teenager speaks two languages, most of the teenagers in the homeland speak only English. It looks like we are falling behind. Third, diversity plays a role in national and global business growth. Therefore, diverse language environment is common. existence able to speak more than English, it is not just a skill but a requirement in the new era of business globalization. referLavrusik, V. (2010, April 4). Top 10 languages spoken by students at Manhattan International. http//archives.jrn.columbia.edu/coveringed/schoolstories10/2010/04/top-10-lang uages-spoken-by-students-at-manhattan-international/index.html Ryan, C. (2013, August 1). Language Use in the United States 2011. http//www.census.gov/prod/2013pubs/acs-22.pdfWilliams, C. (2013). MGMT3 (5th ed). Mason, Ohio South-Western Cengage Learning Yu, R. (2010, October 26). Foreign hotels flock to China.https//web-b-ebscohost-com.libdatab.strayer.edu/ehost/ flesh out/detail?vid=8&sid=684e6cc8-a980-4638bf02a989aee7%40sessionmgr110&hid=116&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZSZzY29wZT1zaXRldb=a9h&AN=J0E369281117410

Introduction speech Essay

Every single mortal faces obstacles, whether they are big or small. Either learning how to swim, driving a car for the first time, or even waking up for an 8AM class. These are just a few obstacles that occur daily. One study obstacle that constantly gets overlooked is c looke. A prime example of a major change in a childs life is the transition from high school to college. Starting college, a ne place with new people, can be a daunting task for anyone. Your classmate, Abby Hofountainhead showed her true character and optimism when her adaptation to Madison didnt go as expected. Abby, like any other 18 year old, was awkward about coming to college.She was nervous about leaving her safe haven she called home, and because of that she decided to chose Madison, a spotless 9 miles from her family in McFarland. Abby arrived to school with an optimistic mindset. The nerves and jitters had surpassed and she was truly starting to get the hang of things. It was August 30th, and the sun wa s beaming down on Abby as she rode her bike. The sidewalk was packed so Abby had to clasp switching from the sidewalk to the grass in order to avoid the pedestrians. However, one time while reservation the uphill venture toward the sidewalk, her front tire clipped the edge of the curb and her bike tumbled over.Abby broke the amount with her hands and ended up shattering her wrist. Its kind of ironic Abby was looking out for the well being of others and in turn was the one that ended up getting injured. Rather than dwell on the unlucky situation, Abby views it in a positive way and lets everyone know that it could have been worse. The way in which Abby handled severance her wrist just goes to show her optimistic view on life. Abby is constantly looking at the provide half full, and is always searching for the best in every situation. Honestly, how would you have reacted?