Causes of Conflict Essay

Scarce resources are very important to the country. It is a source of revenue for the country and it can be sold off for money and as raw resources for industrialization. Thus, countries would want to compete for scarce resources. An example would be the Iceland-britian conflict. As Iceland depends on the fishing industry for survival, its source of revenue comes from the fish caught. In 1970s, the number of fish, especially cod, dropped by 1/3 and these were due to the over fishing of Belgium, german and britian on Iceland seas. Thus, Iceland has came up with measures in controlling the number of fish caught to the UN but most were ignored. As 79% of the total export comprises of fresh fish and fish products, it is important for Iceland to maintain a sustainable levels of fish stocks in the seas around Iceland. Source of economic survivals is threatened, Iceland had to fight to ensure that this source of natural resource is sustained. This conflict resulted in Iceland breaking displomatic ties with britian. When a country’s scarce resources is being threatened, they have to fight back as it is their main source of revenue and survival. Losing the main source of scarce resource ewould lead to economic downfall, jobs and livelihood at stake resulting in poverty Different values and benefits. Countries fight over different values and benefits due when they feel that it is being threatened by others. This is evident in the Korean war. Korea is being separated into 2 halves in the 38th parallel after the Japanese surrended in the 1945. The Russian occupied the north of parallel and the American occupied the south of parallel. Attempt of un to establish a single government failed as the north parallel did not want to have an election in the north. North korea was then created and became a communist party whereas south korea was then created and became democratic party. Both the government claimed that they both have the rights to rule the Korean peninsula. China, afraid that the north korea would be influenced by the south korea’s democractic system, helped and supported north korea in the war of north korea and south korea to spread communism. This showed that when countries come into conflict to extend their balue systems to other territories and also protect their value systems from being threatened to fight back

“Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland” by Lewis Carroll Essay

Some of the most lastingly delightful children’s books in English are â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland† and â€Å"Through the Looking-Glass†. Here are what Albert Baugh write about them in â€Å"A Literary History of England†: â€Å"Written by an eccentric Oxford don to amuse his little girlfriends, these two world-famous books are the best of all memorials of the Victorian love of nonsense. In them are elements of satire and parody which connect them with a long tradition, but they shot through with a quality distorted logic (for their author was a professional mathematician and logician) which is inimitable and unique.† A story may be told either by one of the characters, or by an external narrator. To define by whom the narration is made is to define the point of view that the author has chosen for his story. Look more:  satirical elements essay   In â€Å"Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland† the narrator does not introduce himself as a character. Lewis Carroll uses 3rd person narrative. Yet, everything in the story is seen, heard or thought happens which she cannot sense, or in places where she is not present. This kind of point of view is called selective omniscience, that is the author knows everything, but only through one character’s consciousness. Other books in which author uses the same point of view are â€Å"Amintiri din copilà £rie† and other novels written by the romanian writer Ion Creangà £. In the end reader is told that everything has been a dream. There are a lot of elements which make up the dreamlike atmosphere. One of Carroll’s favourite devices is the pun (play upon words) that is the humorous use of the same word in more than one sense, or of two different words similarly pronounced. For instance â€Å"Mine is a long tale!† said the Mouse. â€Å"It is a long tail, certainly†, said Alice, looking down with wonder at the Mouse’s tail.

Unit7 project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit7 project - Essay Example â€Å"Patricia was not faced with an imminent custody ruling that was likely to be unfavorable when she moved to transfer the case to Arkansas. Also, apparently no evidence had been gathered in this case, aside from the parties’ depositions. The trial court did not conduct any evidentiary hearings. Hence, unlike in Bowles, the fact that Arkansas is now the children’s â€Å"home state† and that substantial evidence concerning their care and personal relationships can be found there is not irrelevant† (Beck & Thomassion, 2002). 5. This Decree of Divorce also resolves all the matters of the marriage, including care, maintenance, child support, debts, possessions, miscellaneous such as life insurance, health insurance, replacement, payment of attorney fees, etc.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.   Decree. The bond of marriage between the Plaintiff and Defendant is annulled on the grounds of incompatibility, and the Plaintiff is awarded by this competent court an absolute Decree of Divorce from the Defendant.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   2.   Agreement.   The parties to the case have carried out a Property Settlement Contract and the Child Care Plan, which resolves every possessions, debts and issues regarding the child/children of the marriage.   The Court integrates the connected Agreement of Property Settlement and Plan of Child Care as the complete settlement of all matters concerning

Statistical analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Statistical analysis - Essay Example Kazemi, et al. used generalized estimating equations and logistic regression to analyze effects of motivational interviewing on frequency of blackouts among first year students. Generalized estimation equation is appropriate to the correlation problem and the discrete scope of variables on which it is used. Logistic regression is also applicable to the factor as blackout and gender were measured on a categorical, discrete, and binary scale. Other variables were measured on other scales but these are applicable to the estimating models (Muth, 2009). Inferred binary assumption on blackout and gender are also valid. Badger and Werrett however used descriptive statistics for analysis and this is consistent with the discrete and ordinal scope of the analyzed data. Frequency of occurrence was the focus of the descriptive study that lacked assumptions on the investigated variables. The statistics are however effective for the study’s objective (Muth, 2009). Awerczek et al. also used descriptive statistics for quantitative aspects of their study. The discrete nature of the investigated variables, measurable on ordinal scale, justifies use of descriptive statistics such as percentages but no assumption can be deduced from the analysis to justify the

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE SITES - Essay Example In addition to its aesthetic beauty of multicoloured carbonate roofs and floors dark-coloured lava walls, fortress-like Seongsan Ilchulbong tuff cone, rising out of the ocean and a dramatic landscape, is Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes contains an unequalled quality of Geomunoreum lava tube system. In addition the magnificent exhibition of diverse and accessible volcanic features is an excellent tourism attraction as it provides exhilarating beauty as well as understanding of global volcanism. Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tubes is declared to be a Unesco World Heritage site in June 27, 2007and is therefore protected by the convention on world heritage. Being such, the Tourism Organization controls it under cultural heritage administration. The issues that confront Jeju Volcanic Island and Lava Tube are management and administration issues of avoiding the potential impact of agriculture on the underground environment of the Lava Tube. Another concern is also to limit the number of visitors to the property to avoid its degradation. The property might also be extended to include other significant lava tube systems and volcanic features of Jeju that may be discovered in the future. I will visit this site. I am intrigue how could a volcano has a beautiful landscape with matching waterfalls. It may be a nice place to relax because it is nature at its finest. Perhaps it will also be a good place to understand volcanoes as it will show the most intricate lava system in the

Aspects of Psychology Unit4 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Aspects of Psychology Unit4 - Essay Example They do not consider physical traits of human beings as part of their intelligence. Sternberg’s Model Robert Sternberg (1988) proposed a theory of intelligence called as ‘triarchic theory’ as according to him, intelligence consists of three aspects interacting with each other (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The fist aspect is the internal skill of information processing which helps the human being to behave intelligently (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The second aspect is the ability of human being to create a match between the internal skills and the external environment in the best possible way (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). The third aspect is the ability to take the help of past experiences to tackle the new or unfamiliar information, successfully (Davidson & Downing, 2000, p.42). Sternberg’s theory shows that intelligence is the ability to use different internal and external aspects to achieve success and to realize potential. Spearman’s Model Spearman’s model of intelligence is called as a ‘two-factor model’ of intelligence. ... The results revealed that children who scored well in one test also scored well on other tests (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman noticed that there was a positive correlation between the tests designed to measure different mental abilities like memory, reasoning, creativity etc (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman concluded that even though the tests were aimed at measuring different mental abilities, they had one factor common in them, which was getting measured in all the test results (Pyle, 1979, p.7). He concluded that this common factor was ‘general intelligence’ and named it ‘g’ (Pyle, 1979, p.7). However, he also realized that even though intelligent children scored well in all the tests, their scores were not exactly the same in all the tests (Pyle, 1979, p.7). This is because every test was designed to measure a ‘specific’ ability of a child and hence, it displayed the specific skill set of a child (Pyle, 1979, p.7). Spearman named this factor as â₠¬ËœSs’, indicating that even though ‘general intelligence’ was a common factor in children scoring well in the tests, their specific abilities were different from each other (Pyle, 1979, p.7). As Spearman’s model of intelligence is based on the two factors of ‘general’ and ‘specific’ intelligence, it is called as ‘two-factor model’ (Pyle, 1979, p.7). According to Spearman’s model, ‘intelligence’ is the mental energy or the ‘general ability’ of human being which ‘flows’ and guides him in most of his activities (Pyle, 1979, p.8). Spearman believed that all human beings have ‘g’ to some degree but as there is a difference in the level of their general intelligence, their mental abilities are different (Pyle, 1979, p.7). People differ from each

American Family Culture Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

American Family Culture - Term Paper Example There are a multitude of family forms and family types in America today and family is a social unit in a constant state of evolution. We will explore the different family configurations found in the United States today and will pepper our analysis with comparisons of American family forms to modern Mexican families, the other half of our analysis. The ‘traditional’ American family is a heterosexual, nuclear family headed by two parents in which the husband is the primary breadwinner and the wife is the homemaker. On the far left side of the continuum of change, the traditional nuclear family model is widespread across the globe and represents a traditional gendered division of labour, both within the house as well as outside of the home. Mexico families generally also meet the requirements for what can be described as a traditional family which traditional gender expectations and values. In the Western world, the traditional model is becoming less and less viable as many families require the incomes of both parents. Women’s increased education and employment prospects have made the transition from the traditional model to the modern familial model more and more prevalent in modern Western society (Bossen 128-133; Roopnarine & Gielen 32-34). As with the traditional family, the ‘modern American family’ is nuclear in the sense that it involves the cohabitation of two heterosexual partners but differs in that it involves dual earners as both the man and the woman work outside of the home to earn money. While both husband and wife work outside of the home in paid labor, it is important to note that the gendered division of labour within the home of the modern family has not necessarily changed. Women, within the modern family, still bear the brunt of housekeeping, child rearing and basic familial chores. This form of family life is found throughout the United States and has evolved in response to women’s

HAS THE DUBAI FINANCIAL CRISIS LED TO A LOSS OF CONFIDENCE IN THE Essay

HAS THE DUBAI FINANCIAL CRISIS LED TO A LOSS OF CONFIDENCE IN THE ISLAMIC SUKUK - Essay Example Also, Aljarhi (2008) mentions that sukuk can be a good solution to help the sub-prime crisis, but what happened in Dubai with Nakheel’s sukuk perhaps changes all previous concepts because investors have been informed that Nakheel cannot pay off its profit. Research Objectives and Questions Objectives 1 Analyze Islamic financial instruments and research the mechanisms of Nakheel Sukuk 2 Research the factors that caused the Dubai financial crisis 3 Analyze how the Dubai crisis impacted the Sukuk investing in Islamic Financial institutions Questions What factors influenced investors’ confidence in Islamic financial instruments? For this questions to be answered a research and analysis of corner Islamic finance principles as well as performance of Islamic finance institutions as for Islamic instruments effectiveness will be carried out. The data will be majorly based on financial and other statements of Islamic financial institutions. 1 What is Sukuk and their elements that have added to the popularity of Financial investing instruments? 2 What are the mechanisms for Nakheel Sukuk to work effectively in financial markets? Sukuk instrument will be analyzed and against its performance. 3 What were the causes of the Dubai financial crisis? To answer this question an extensive research of data in regard to economic states, economic activities and other factors will be undertaken to learn and analyze events that caused the Dubai financial crisis. 4 What was the role of sukuk in the Dubai financial crisis? Analysis of Nakheel Sukuk in 5 How did the Dubai crisis impact Islamic financing? Analyze the use and performance of Islamic finance in aftermath of the critical times in Islamic finance. Literature Review The literature reviewed in this proposal critiques many writers who have written about Islamic bonds - sukuk. The research aims to show the gap of knowledge concerning confidence in Islamic bonds (sukuk) after the Dubai financial crisis. There are three types of literature that have been discovered: firstly, literature about the causes of the financial crisis which has happened in Dubai; secondly, literature about the impact on sukuk after the Dubai financial crisis; and finally, literature concerning the theory of sukuk which is based on the Islamic financial system. Klomp (2009), in his journal about the significant causes of the banking crisis, says that the absolute important factors that affect directly on a financial crisis are: 1) High credit growth 2) Negative GDP growth 3) High real interest rates. Lewis (2010) has other points in his journal that say that the causes of the financial crisis include individual and cognitive psychology, social influences, psychology used by economists, the good society, and culture and human agency. Rotheli (2010) believes that the causes of the financial crisis can be summarised as risk misperception, policy mistakes, and banks’ bounded rationality. He agrees with Klomp (2009) in a credit cycle in which banks increase their credit supply and stop lending during recessions. That puts banks in a troubled situation in the future, where investors can pay their debts. The financial crisis of Dubai, as mentioned by Bassens, Derudder and Witlox (2010), started in November 2009 when the latest news informed that the largest development agency in Dubai,

Arts and Cultural Heritage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Arts and Cultural Heritage - Essay Example Interaction between different countries is easier due to improved transportation. With the fast changing world, it also easier to lose cultural heritage. The more radical the industrialization, the more danger it provides to cultural heritage (â€Å"Arts and Cultural Policy† n.d.). While protecting cultural heritage is a priority, the discovering is not yet finished. There are still cultural heritage that needs to be retrieved. The UNESCO has also addressed the problem of mapping the lost culture, retrieving it and knowing which country it came from. It is called the cultural mapping (â€Å"Arts and Cultural Policy† n.d.). In Australia, strict implementation of cultural policy is promoted. The Aborigines or the ethnic group of Australia is rich in cultural heritage. With their policy, cultural heritage and intellectual property are being protected at maximum (â€Å"Arts and Cultural Policy† n.d.). Cultural heritage is one of the most important properties of a country or ethnic group that must not be lost. It is one of the shapers in the formative years of a country or ethnic group. It must be passed too next generation so that they will know how and why things came to be. There are still cultural pieces that must be discovered and government should continue to promote

The meaning of democratic, socialist, and secular in India Essay

The meaning of democratic, socialist, and secular in India - Essay Example This paper will delve into the different interpretations of democracy, socialism and secularism in light of each and every founding father of India in this particular context. The Indian society has been for a long time, traditionally plagued by the evil of creed based prejudices and the caste system. Stratification on the orientation of castes has hindered all the possible chances of Indian national unification from the early days. This situation was worsened by the presence of man varied religious groups within India, who were not willing to compromise on whatever grounds to reach a consensus of commonality. The tradition of self-styled and rhetoric religions fuelled divisions among the Indian people. It was a great pain for Mahatma Gandhi to see people stick to the age old tradition of religious intolerance, when it was needed most. It was disturbing for him because it was virtually impossible to organize any nationwide movement against the British oppressors (Collins, Larry, and Lapierre 64). Secularism for Gandhi was an unconditional necessity to bring any form of an all-encompassing political government and leadership. Gandhi personally preached his ideas of secularism and the religious forbearance across the breadth and length of India. However, preaching was not an easy job for him. Gandhi was up against the British, who has implemented the divide and rule policy in India, which saw the declaration of separate elections for different religions and communities in India. The declaration in the Government Act of India Act in 1935 hurt Gandhi so much, and he fought to his death for the uniting of the warring communal factions (Gudavarthy 88). Gandhi’s vision of a secular state is one where religious values are respected in all spheres of life, the public as well as private, but in which no solitary religion is permitted to dominate the

Strategy Innovation Essay Example for Free

Strategy Innovation Essay â€Å"Strategy innovation is the capacity to re-conceive the existing industry model in ways that create new value for customers, wrong-foot competitors, and produce new wealth for all stakeholders. † (Hamel, 1998) This quote is used by Schoenberg to highlight the importance he places on strategy innovation, and the main two drivers of strategic innovation he cites: industry factors and firm factors. However, although there is wide ranging agreement with this view, there are also several dissenting voices amongst the academic community, who often view other factors, and drivers, as being more important to the success of a firm. One key area where factors outside the firm and industry have a great impact is in the social and environmental pressures facing business, which many companies have become increasingly aware of over the past decade. Many management scholars and consultants have argued that these new demands offer terrific opportunities for progressive organizations, and innovation is one of the primary means by which companies can achieve sustainable growth. (Johnson et al, 2005) This argument is backed up by the view that companies that ignore these pressures do so at their own peril, but the reality is that managers have had considerable difficulty dealing with sustainable development pressures. In particular, their innovation strategies are often inadequate to accommodate the highly complex and uncertain nature of these new demands across the economy and social spectrum as a whole, partly due to an excessive focus on the firm or industry (Hall and Vredenburg, 2003) Indeed, a strategy that integrates the goals of innovation and sustainable development is needed to ensure sustainable competitive advantage, rather than conventional, market-driven innovations approaches. Sustainable development innovation (SDI) (Hall and Vredenburg, 2003) is in fact driven by science that has yet to be accepted fully by the scientific, political and managerial communities, and the industry sector Amid such uncertainty, sustainable development innovation is often difficult and risky, however when faced with increasing pressure to consider sustainable development, many organizations have revised their business models and innovation strategies, and these changes are often highlighted in corporate sustainability reports and Web pages. Hall and Vredenburg, 2003) Hart el al (2003) looked at the most fundamental part of the strategy innovation process: new product development (NPD). They looked at criteria such product uniqueness, market potential, market chance, technical feasibility, and intuition, and found that these decreased as the NPD process unfolded. Overall they found that the success rate of NPD usage could be modelled by a model which held true across firms of different sizes, holding different market share positions, with different NPD drivers, following different innovation strategies, and developing different types of new products. Hart et al, 2003) This is yet another indication that there must be other factors at work besides the basic industry and firm drivers. Another viewpoint on the subject of innovation is that the very essence of a company is its values and priorities: what it considers important, and where its investments are made? Thus, a host of values and priorities, and combinations thereof, underlie business strategies. (Grant, 2005) Some firms have a cost-driven culture that supports a value position in the market place, whilst othe rs place priority on delivering a prestige customer experience. Aaker (2004) claims that innovation, quality, and customer concern are the three values and priorities worth highlighting because they are so frequently seen as drivers of corporate brands, however, the question must always be: has the firm provided customer benefits by being innovative? A reputation for innovation enhances credibility, however, it is not easy achieving an innovative reputation, and firms are often better advised to focus on providing quality and value. Aaker, 2004) Schoenberg’s arguments are also heavily based on the concepts of strategic positioning (Porter, 1980) and the resource based view (Barney, 1996), although he does not make overt references to these theories. However, the influence of previous strategy writers is clear throughout his piece: â€Å"value gap analysis is equally relevant to the Who question of strategy and to market positionings based on differentiation. (Schoenberg, 2003) helps to place his work in context with that of Porter’s (1980) Also, â€Å"The implication for those that seek innovative strategies is: does the proposed form of strategy innovation fit with your core competences? † shows that he is developing Barney’s resource based core competencies, within the context of innovation strategies, in order to ensure that his concepts remain relevant to organisations. Indeed, Schoenberg clearly states in his conclusion that he believes strategy innovation does not â€Å"represent a radical departure from onventional approaches to strategy formulation† (Schoenberg, 2003) and that it is merely a method for combining the two main strategy theories, which have often previously been viewed as being contradictory. Indeed, Johnston Jr. and Bate (2003) outline five phases to help firms innovate: staging, aligning, exploring, creating, mapping, however they warn that it is important to make sure that managers build into their organizations the capability to continuously innovate so that they become more resilient, and better prepared for future changes. Finally, to be truly considered strategy innovations, new products and initiatives that alter a firms business model must first turn a consistent profit, a fundamental necessity of both Porter’s (1980) and Barney’s (1996) models. Strategy innovation has always been about solving problems for customers in ways that they, not the sponsoring company, perceive to be superior or unique from their present way of addressing those problems. Strategy innovation can be incremental, involving minor changes to the firms business model, resources and capabilities. Or it can be a radical departure, as when a firm decides to make a positioning shift, and market its existing products and services to new customer groups. (Johnson et al, 2005) In conclusion, strategy innovations can occur in any part of an organisation: customer service, marketing, advertising, selling, production or distribution. However, whatever their source, successful strategy innovations have one thing in common: They result from discovering new ways to create value for customers, as measured by bottom-line results to the sponsoring company. Tucker, 2001) New innovations present themselves when companies and their leaders imagine opportunities to do more with their products and services than they have in the past, whether through acquiring or reallocating resources, or altering competitive positioning. Strategy innovation may be spurred by a desire to grow, but this desire should never be allowed to overshadow what the proposed new way of doing business will do for the customers, either existing or future, and the firm as a whole.

Multibacillary Leprosy (MB) Case Study

Multibacillary Leprosy (MB) Case Study 1.0 Summary of scenario and potential consequences This case is based on a 32 year old female with multibacillary leprosy(MB). Leprosy, also known as Hansens disease, is a chronic infective disease caused by acid-fast, gram-positive Mycobacterium leprae (M.leprae). Several modes of transmission have been suggested such as skin contact and sexual activities but the primary mechanism is via air by mouth and nasal discharge of untreated infected people. Leprosy can be considered in two parts in which the first milder form involves infection of superficial tissues such as skin. This indeterminate state is usually surmounted by human body eliciting sufficient immune response, with approximately 95% people being not susceptible. Nevertheless, if the body produces too high or too low a response, the second more severe form develops and progresses leaving deformities in areas such as skin, nervous system, mucosa, limbs and eyes. Thus, depending on the patients immune response, leprosy is classified by the World Health Organization(WHO) into MB in which the bodys defense system is ineffective, and paucibacillary leprosy(PB) which produces aggressive response.1 In terms of skin smear tests, MB which has large number of bacteria in skin lesion would produce positive results while PB produces negative results. Another type of classification known as Ridley-Jopling classification divides leprosy into 5 stages; tuberculoid(TT), borderline tuberculoid(BT), midborderline/borderline(BB), borderline lepromatous(BL) and lepromatous(LL) leprosy in which the latter three are the equivalent of MB. In 2009, leprosy cases were reported in 121 countries.3 Based on WHO figures, the number of new cases detected in 2008 was 249007 while the registered prevalence of leprosy worldwide at the beginning of 2009 was 213036. Although there has been a steady fall in the number of new cases detected annually, leprosy remains a global threat. In terms of signs and symptoms, those possibly encountered are numbness, nasal discharge and various kinds of lesions, macules, nodules and papules. More severe symptoms may be diffuse skin thickening, eye lesions leading to cataract, secondary infection and nerve lesions. Although leprosy can affect all people, various specific factors predispose to leprosy. Firstly, leprosy typically affects people living in tropical and subtropical climate such as Africa and South East Asia. People in endemic areas as well as the poor and marginalized community are at greater risk of contracting leprosy. In terms of age, leprosy demonstrates an age-related pattern with peak incidence in children below 10 years old and mid thirties while rarely acquired by infants.2 Besides that, men are generally more susceptible than women and genetic factors may play a role too. Despite years of incubation period, the differential diagnosis of leprosy is vital because the treatment duration is prolonged. Also, an accurate diagnosis helps in determining the appropriate and effective treatment. In vitro culture of M.leprae is not feasible given the extremely slow growth rate. Methods that can be used include skin lesion biopsy and nasal smears done using Fites acid fast tissue staining which stains the bacilli red in a blue background or using Hematoxylin and eosin stain (HE) for histological confirmation.2,4 The number of bacilli visible will denote the type of leprosy. Additionally, phenolic glycopilid-1(PGL-1) characteristic of M.leprae can be distinguished using serology techniques. Given its low mortality rate, leprosy confers debilitating repercussions nevertheless both physiologically and psychologically. Leprosy causes hypoesthesia due to impaired peripheral nerve function, muscle weakness as well as glaucoma, iridocyclitis and inflammation of the eye. As a result, patients are prone to injuries due to diminished vision, and inability to feel and control the body. The incidence of ocular problems is markedly elevated and treatment has proved to reduce prevalence of these complications as described by Gupta et al, whereby 66.3% active leprosy patients manifested ocular problems compared to cured patients at 14.3%.5 If blindness occurs, the relative death risk in blind patients compared to non-blind patients augments by 4.8fold.6 Additionally, leprosy causes clawed fingers and toes, hypopigmented skin lesions with severe ulcerations especially on feet and hands, and facial deformations. These disabilities occurs more frequently in MB patients than in PB patients,5,7 and it was suggested that MB patients have higher risk of death compared to PB patients; the average death age being 5 years younger.8 Contrasting prevalence of deformities was concluded in different studies which includes 56.97%,7 82.4%,9 84.4%,10 67%11 and these differences may be the result of improper examination technique or dissimilar grading criteria. However, the point to note here is that all studies acknowledge the severity of this disease. Apart from imposing restrictions on physical mobility, such immensely conspicuous debilities have led to a stigma linked to leprosy. Leprosy patients are often subjected to public prejudice and discrimination, leaving them significantly affected both socially and economically. Therefore, accurate diagnosis and aggressive commencement of leprosy treatment is essential to improve patients quality of life and to decrease mortality rate. 2.0 Treatment options 2.1 First line therapy The current first line therapy include dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine. Dapsone is a bacteriostatic antibacterial active against M.leprae. Its good oral bioavailability allows its administration in tablet form. However, dapsone monotherapy is no longer used as several studies have established profound drug resistance.12,13,14 Following this, WHO recommends the use of three drugs; dapsone, rifampicin and clofazimine, administered as multiple drug therapy(MDT) for MB.1 Supporting this is a systemic evaluation by Kundu et al. which compared dapsone monotherapy to MDT and proved that MDT was significantly superior with capacity to prevent dapsone resistance.15 The current MDT dosing is dapsone 100mg and clofazimine 50mg daily self-administered, and rifampicin 600mg and clofazimine 300mg once monthly supervised. Several studies have shown that MDT is effective in eliminating leprosy with low relapse rates.16,17,18,19 For example, Georges et al. demonstrated that patients treated with MDT until bacterial clearance showed no validated relapses in the follow up period between 4 months to 5 years and 10 months.16 If adverse effects or contraindication occurs resulting in MDT termination, WHO recommends alternative regimen.20 However, it is vital to ascertain conclusively that the negative effects are due to MDT. Dapsone should be terminated immediately if patient develops adverse effects such as Dapsone Hypersensitivity Syndrome (DHS), with rifampicin and clofazimine continued at usual dosages. The use of only rifampicin and clofazimine was proven effective for dapsone intolerant patients as described by Sapkota et al.21 These patients treated for a mean duration of 15 months post-dapsone cessation showed steady decrease in mean bacteriological index(BI). Next, if rifampicin is ill-tolerated, alternative therapy comprises clofazimine 50mg, ofloxacin 400mg and minocycline 100mg daily for six months, followed by clofazimine 50mg combined with either ofloxacin 400mg or minocycline 100mg for at least 18 months; given under supervision. Ji et al showed that ofloxacin eliminated 99.99% rifampicin-resistant cells after 22 doses in two months.22 Finally if clofazimine has poor acceptability, MDT can be replaced with ROM comprising rifampicin 600mg, ofloxacin 400mg and minocycline 100mg given monthly for 24 months. In a field trial in Senegal, patients on ROM showed satisfactory progress with exceptional compliance(>99%) possibly attributed to the simpler monthly dosage.23 This combination was further advocated by S. Ura24 and Villahermosa et al25 which compared 2 years ROM treatment with MDT. The studies concluded that both therapy depicted similar advantages regarding their effect on BI, their safety and tolerability. The latter study also showed no relapse after follow ups 5 years later or more. 2.2 Second line therapy Ofloxacin and pefloxacin are broad-spectrum flouroquinolones used as second line therapy for MB. They are bactericidal acting via inhibiting enzyme DNA gyrase required in DNA replication. Patented in 1982, ofloxacin has been reported to have profound effects on leprosy. A clinical trial executed by Ji et al showed killing of more than 99.99% of viable M.leprae in skin smears inoculated into mouse foot pad, with significant clinical improvements by day 56 of therapy utilizing 400mg ofloxacin daily.26 Also, its effect was not enhanced when combined with clofazimine and dapsone. A similar study by Jianping et al which also utilized mice footpad inoculated with leprosy patients skin biopsies had analogous findings, with no M.leprae growth detected.27 These studies supports the notion that ofloxacin possesses strong bactericidal activity. Comparing pefloxacin to ofloxacin, it was found that pefloxacin was less active, requiring 150mg/kg to exert bactericidal effect compared to 50mg/kg fo r ofloxacin.22 Although minimal side effects were encountered in these studies, the short duration of therapy will not vouch for this as severe adverse reactions have been reported including tendon damage, peripheral neuropathy, cardiovascular toxicity and hepatotoxicity. Moving on, the broad spectrum minocycline is a tetracycline antibacterial which can be used in patients intolerant to dapsone or clofazimine.28 In a clinical trial by Fajardo et al, patients treated with 100mg daily minocycline for 6 months followed by WHO MDT manifested distinct clinical improvement within the first month with negative PGL-1 antigen at the end of 6 months treatment.29 However, it has been reported that minocycline induce hyperpigmentation which resulted in termination of therapy.30 This side effect ought to be considered particularly when minocycline is used to replace clofazimine. In terms of bactericidal activity, minocycline is considered more effective than clarithromycin, but significantly diminished activity compared to rifampicin. Next, clarithromycin is a bactericidal macrolide which suppresses bacterial growth by preventing its protein synthesis. A few clinical trials have shown the advantages of clarithromycin including its capability to kill M.leprae, considerable clinical improvement, patient acceptability and minor adverse effects.31,32 Daily dosage of 500mg revealed killing of 99% bacilli within 28 days and 99.9% by day 56.32 However, limited studies with clarithromycin for leprosy use have been done. Until further researches are carried out, clarithromycin remains the second line treatment for multibacillary leprosy. Since the past two decades, concerns over established dapsone resistance and increasingly emerging rifampicin resistance have set interest on use of either thioamide or clofazimine concurrently with rifampicin. However, clofazimine was chosen by WHO due to reports of hepatotoxicity when thioamides were used with rifampicin.33,34 Nevertheless, ethionamide and prothionamide are two thioamide drugs being investigated currently as monotherapy for leprosy treatment. Although mainly used for tuberculosis therapy, both drugs have been shown to exhibit significant anti-leprotic activity based on a clinical trial by Fajardo et al.35 Treatment was well tolerated for both drugs with a clinical progress of 74% and 83% respectively. Prothionamide was found to be superior to ethionamide and the overall efficacy of both drugs was similar to that of dapsone and clofazimine. However, they were less efficacious compared to rifampicin, ofloxacin, pefloxacin, minocycline and clarithromycin. They are al so more expensive than dapsone. Consequently, thioamides are generally not recommended. Finally, rifampicin and Isoprodian comprising dapsone, prothionamide and isoniazid were used in Malta Leprosy Eradication Project(MLEP).36 During the 30-year project, the leprosy prevalence steadily declined with exceptionally low degree of relapse and toxicity. It was suggested that treatment with two Isoprodian tablets daily and 600mg rifampicin tablet completely eradicated leprosy from Malta. This may well set the baseline for leprosy treatment. However, Isoprodian being not readily available became a drawback in proceeding with this therapy. Also, the MLEP posed several limitations including the confinement of the project to a relatively small area which hinders its feasibility in larger areas. Additionally, the fact that leprosy was already declining in Malta before the project commenced in 1971 raised questions over the true effect of the therapy on leprosy elimination. 3.0 Treatment recommendation and supporting evidence After discussing the treatment options available, 24 months MDT is recommended for the 32 year old female patient in this case. This decision is made based on the evidences presented previously on efficacy of MDT and also the fact that not many reliable studies have been conducted on other alternatives. The clinical pharmacological principles of each MDT drug and more evidences will be presented in this section to justify the recommendation. Firstly, dapsone is an established anti-leprotic agent acting via preventing dihyrofolic acid formation thus inhibiting nucleic acid synthesis crucial for M.leprae development. In terms of adverse effects, dapsone has been associated with side effects such as methaemoglobinamia, haemolysis, allergic rhinitis, neurophaty, aganulocytosis and DHS consisting Type 1 reversal reaction and Type 2 erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) reaction. However, at doses used for leprosy treatment, these side effects are uncommon.37 Besides, DHS can be ameliorated with corticosteroid therapy. In order to curb resistance against dapsone, it should be used concomitantly with rifampicin and clofazimine as MDT. Also, there has been evidence of significant decline in frequency and seriousness of Type 1 and 2 reactions in patients on MDT, possibly due to rapid arrest on leprosy progression and clofazimines anti-inflammatory action.20 Next, rifampicin is an antibacterial which plays a major role in inducing rapid M.leprae cell death by inhibiting RNA polymerase involved in protein synthesis. Rifampicin has good oral bioavailability as it is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. A monthly 600mg dose is highly bactericidal and is almost as effective as rifampicin given daily as subsequent doses do not augment killing rate proportionately. Thus although rifampicin is expensive, a monthly dose contributes to its cost-effectiveness, feasibility and compliance.20 The downside of rifampicin is that adverse effects such as hepatotoxicity have been reported thus requiring frequent liver function tests and blood tests to detect liver impairment. Other common side effects include gastrointestinal disturbances, fever, headache and rashes. Also, being a liver enzyme inducer, rifampicin upregulates cytochrome P450 resulting in enhanced metabolism of many concomitantly administered hepatic cleared drugs. However, th is effect is relatively minimal due to its once monthly dosing. Furthermore, though rifampicin increases dapsone clearance rate, no changes in dose have been necessary as concluded by Pieters et al.38 Interaction with clofazimine is also not likely as rifampicin lack tendency to accumulate in tissues due to its relatively short half life (2-3 hours) compared to clofazimine (70 days). The third drug used in MDT is clofazimine which based on the MDT dosage is the most well-tolerated amongst the three drugs and is practically non-toxic.39 It is a bacteriostatic antibacterial which has predilection towards mycobacterial DNA and inhibits bacterial growth. A mere 300mg loading dose once monthly may well serve as a repository to maintain sufficient drug in the body.20 However, the downside to its use is that some 75-100% patients encounter pink colouration of the skin, but this side effect is reversible months after stopping therapy.40 Given its efficacy yet without serious adverse effects as proven by various studies and clinical trials, it would be obvious to use clofazimine as part of MDT.41,42,43 In terms of duration of MDT, the recommended duration of MDT has been constantly. WHOs previous recommendation of 24 months therapy showed high efficacy with very low relapse rate. However, in the Seventh Expert Committee(1997), the duration of MDT was shortened to 12 months.1 A study conducted by Sales et al. showed that the decline in bacillary index and occurrence of adverse reactions was analogous for both 12 and 24 months MDT.44 However, this was opposed by US National Hansen Disease Program (NHDP) which stands firm with 24 months MDT with the perspective that more vigorous and longer treatment duration generates higher efficacy with lower relapse rate.28 It also mentioned that the 12 months MDT recommended by WHO was due to cost consideration in developing countries. Besides that, based on the BNF, treatment for at least 2 years is necessary for MB.37 The fundamental objective of leprosy therapy is determined by the relapse rate and degree of disability. Having said so, many studies have showed that the relapse rate after completion of MDT for 2 years yielded either zero or very low relapse rate.45,46,47,48,49,50 These studies are parallel to a long term follow-up by Shaw et al45 which proved zero relapse using this regimen and also by a retrospective analysis conducted in China by Shen et al47 which showed that out of 2374 patients followed up for a mean of 8.27 years, five patients had relapse resulting in a relapse rate of 0.21/1000 person-years. Another basis for the 24 months MDT was the review by WHO which revealed a very low relapse rate of 0.9/10 000 person-years in analysis of more than 20,000 MB patients.49 Furthermore, Katoch et al reported that follow-up conducted between 12-44 months after MDT treatment revealed deterioration in patients who received only 12-18 months treatment and continuous improvement in those giv en 24 months therapy.51 Thus, a 24 months MDT treatment would be the wise choice for this patient. Bearing in mind that this patient is a 32 year old female who is at her child bearing age, it is paramount to ascertain if she is pregnant or lactating. Extreme caution should be undertaken if she is pregnant or lactating, taking into account risks-benefits of leprosy treatment. Several studies have demonstrated adverse effects encountered by pregnant and lactating females such as relapse, type 1 and 2 dapsone reactions and peripheral neuropathy following therapy and are thought to be due to suppression of immunity during pregnancy and breast-feeding.52,53,54However, some studies have showed that these drugs can be used safely during pregnancy.20,55 Thus, although MDT may incur risks to pregnancy and exacerbate leprosy, a well-organized health plan, frequent and regular supervision may well outweigh the risk with its potential benefits.4,54 Also, effects of MDT on lactating is very minor. Although significant amount of dapsone is found in breast milk, its risks to infants are very m inimal. In contrast, the quantity of rifampicin in milk is too small to be harmful to the baby. Likewise, only minute amounts of clofazimine are excreted through breast milk and thus far there have not been reports on severe negative effects on breast-feeding except minor skin discolouration of infant. All in all, treatment using 24 months MDT has proven highly successful with rapid conversion of disease state from infectious to being non-infectious even after the first dose. MDT remains the ultimate option due to its apparent benefits of curing and stopping transmission of leprosy, its virtually zero relapse rate, minimal side effects, ease of administration and storage, cost-effectiveness and vast clinical evidences. Additionally, patient and public education is vital to aid patient compliance and improve understanding on leprosy. In this context, health professionals carry tremendous responsibilities in giving social support and psychological rehabilitation to help patients cope with the physical and mental distress caused by the disease as well as curing the stigma of leprosy.

Ethical Decision Making In Nursing Scholarly Nursing Essay

Ethical Decision Making In Nursing Scholarly Nursing Essay Nurses are constantly confronting various ethical issues in their everyday clinical practice. An ethical dilemma is complex situation emerging from the conflict between moral obligations in which complying with one would result in contravening another (College of Nurses of Ontario [CNO], 2009). Nurses using CNOs ethical conducts and decision-making framework will help in directing their ethical course of action. This framework involves the use of moral component such as claim, evidence, warrant, basis, rebuttal and ethical decision to guide in resolving the conflict (Arnold Boggs, 2011). Thus, the aim of this paper is to use ethical decision-making framework step by step in exploring an ethical issue by analyzing a pediatric case study to make significant decisions. Claim is the first moral component of the framework. It emphasizes on various dilemmas arising from the case study such as pediatric advance directive, consent to treatment by being competent minor and decision-making capacity. The ethical dilemma arises from this case study is whether to choose wishes of adolescent patient considering his treatment or should the wishes of his parents outweigh his request. The case study describes Kyle 14 years old male who has stake in outcome of the decision, and suffering from lymphocytic leukemia cancer. The case study involves Kyle as patient with physicians and his parents to determine the care in best interest of patient. The involved Physicians in care stated Kyles health is deteriorating and not responding to the chemotherapy treatment. Hence, the value of Kyles parents is to continue with the chemotherapy treatment in hope to work and prolong his life. However, Kyle having different point of view, refused to take any heroic measure and aske d for DNR order to be placed in his chart. This way, his parents value would be violated if nurse chooses to accept the decision of Kyle. According to article by Tabak and zvi (2008), patient being mature minor competent has right to refuse treatment and is allowed to choose decisions regarding all the aspects of his treatment. Hence, nurse is caught in conflict between parents and Kyle. Thus, Kyle being in client center care, whichever decision nurse chooses from patient and parents will impact the Kyles care. The evidence is next moral component of the framework. According to the scenario, physician sharing information with patient about the health status shows their mutual trust in relationship. This relationship indicates Kyles right to know as being cognitively capable to understand pros and cons of the treatment and participate in the discussion. According to Tabak and zvi (2009), the norm of informed consent is that patient has right to know truthful information about his health status from health care professionals to make informed decisions. From the case study another evidence indicates, Kyle being cognitively mature adolescent with a chronic illness (at the age of 5), knowledge to make informed decisions (DNR) and, experienced with treatments (several dose of chemotherapy). According to the article by Tabak and Zvi (2008), if the adolescent being minor is coping with long term and life threatening situation then patient is cognitively aware of the nature of the illness and has ri ght to give consent. With this fact, his parents are seizing over his autonomy by denying his choices or capacity to make decisions. According to the article by Rogers, Alex, Macdoland, Gallant and Austin (2009), states that allowing children to express and offering choices escalates their quality of life and dignity. In this case, parents emotional grief for child may prevent them understanding childs moral value or quality of life. It seems parents attachment with child making them not to understand childs perception of suffering from medications and wishes to extend his life even if it has to do with holding on to the hope of future medication to work (Macgrawth Phillip, 2008). As a result, parents are going against standards and not performing critical thinking. The evidences found in the case study are true, relevant to make decision, but lacks in sufficiency due to having inadequate in-depth reasoning behind klyes decisions. Warrant is another part of the framework. It requires using professional standard of care, and legal precedents and policies. If I were a nurse confronting ethical dilemma conflict between patient and parents decision over treatment, I would critically examine choices using professional standards. First thing I will take childs age into consideration for informed consent. As stated in pediatric Cancer Society (CPS) (2008), in Ontario there is no age of consent. However, there is mature minor right where patient not being adult in age, but cognitively able are allowed to consider the treatment choices and alternatives based on the evaluation of consequences. This explains Kyle being only 14 years old is able to give consent of refusing treatment, which is on his best interest along with knowing his nature of treatment. As well as, according to CPS (2008), when benefit of the treatment overweighs burden it should be respected. Similarly, Kyles choosing to preserve his quality of life o verweighs the option of treatment associated with pain and suffering which should be respected. Moreover, according to CNA (2008) code of ethics, under promoting and respecting informed decision-making, nurses have right to advocate for the patient if his/her rights are being influences by others decisions. In this case, by abiding this code, I would recognize the kyles right and support his capability to withdraw or withhold the consent for treatment regardless of his parents request. Furthermore, according the CNOs (2009) practice standard ethics clients well-being and client choice are relevant ethical values for nurse when parents and patients view are differentiated in what is beneficial. I as a nurse without judging would evaluate, respect and determine the rationale for the chosen option by parents and patient in terms of benefit vs. risk to assist in making decision. By abiding professional standards and policies will help me as a nurse to have evidence based rationale to de liver ethical clinical care to Kyle. Basis is the next component in the framework involves ethical principles. In this scenario, autonomy, beneficence, and veracity are ethical principles used as guide to analyze ethical issue (Arnold Boggs, 2011). Autonomy refers to patients right to make informed decision about his/her medical care without having anyones influence on it. In this case, parents desired decision takes over Kyles autonomy by contradicting his decision-making capacity (being minor) regarding his treatment and DNR options. Hence, allowing Kyle to make informed decision by allowing him to express his preference, concerns, and wishes would respect his autonomy and will preserve his dignity (Whitty-Rogers et al., 2009). Another principle, beneficence requires to prevent harm to others. In this scenario, kyles going through chemotherapy treatment shows no improvement (beneficences), yet him going through this process for prolong life will increase his pain and suffering. From parental perception, treatment hel ping to prolong lifetime indicates harm in hope of beneficences. For parents, treatment adding to survival period over side effects would appear as convenient option to accept (Mcgrath Phillip, 2008). Last ethical principle veracity refers to responsibility of telling truth. In this case scenario physician or HCP has provided truthful information to patient and family regarding health status and effectiveness of treatment. Hence, there is no other information hidden from patient to help making informed decision. Hence, it is significance for nurse to continue using this principle to support and oppose argument made by each person to solve the conflict. In addition, rebuttal is another component of framework. It focuses on costs and benefits of each choices. The benefit of the choice made by Kyle will alleviate his suffering by refusing the unresponsive treatment and DNR, which will increase his quality of life. It will strengthen the trust in nurse-patient relationship. On the other hand the risk associated with Kyles choice shortens the quantity of life due to having no treatment and DNR actions to rescue his life. Another harm associated is that it would hinder the relationship between parents-patient and nurse-family due to opposing their request. Furthermore, the benefits associated with parental choices of continuing treatment will prolong their and Kyles time of togetherness. As well as, risk associated with parents choice will escalate the pain and suffering of patient by reducing the quality of life. This violates the ethical principle of choosing non-maleficence for the hope of beneficence and reducing patients autonomy an d dignity. As denying parents preference can hinder trusting nurse-patient relationship. Especially when trust, respect and honesty are essential to meet the health care needs of patient and in facilitating end of life care decision making (RNAO, 2006). Although, alternatives could be arranging meeting with parents and patient will help to understand each others perception, as well as allowing to accommodate/negotiate any choices to reach mutual decision. This way parents might be able to see the suffering and pain that treatment brings for child in order to prolong time. Also, Kyle would be able to understand emotional side of parents where his life is more valuable and beneficial over side effect of the treatment. As a result, palliative care could be an alternative option in progressive illness to ease quality of life with quantity of life. Palliative care can benefit in relieving the suffering in holistic way of patients life. For example, chemotherapy being used can have medica tions to relieve side effects of nausea to minimize the suffering (Mcgrath phillip, 2008). As well as, choosing to continue with the unresponsive chemotherapy treatment (side effects) with palliative care may limit the patients quality of life. At last, a nurse being reasonably prudent and ethical should apply moral principles in decision-making. The primary object of the nurse would be to identify ethical issue. The ethical issue in this case study is adolescents treatment decision conflicts with parents decision in determining authority for decision-making. Then nurse will evaluate the evident data to obtain all the relevant and sufficient information. Moreover, nurse should have understanding of CNA, CNOs code of ethics, and RNAO BPGs to have knowledge regarding law, legal action and to have evidence-based rationale in guiding the decision-making process. Nurse would evaluate the claim by recognizing moral reasoning in each persons perspective. According to CNA (2008) values, under client wellbeing and choices, nurse should respect family and patients opinion. Nurse should make parents acknowledge about the adolescents right in making decision. If patient is mature minor and competent to make informed decision then nurse should advocate for patient even if its opposes parental request. Last but not least, nurse should weigh risk and benefits of each persons choices in terms of possible long terms and short-term consequences. Hence, nurse can offer alternative options by collaborating with other HCP if necessary to balance and develop mutual goal between HCP, patient and parents. In conclusion, to achieve resolution in ethical dilemma involves critical thinking. This paper has analyzed an ethical dilemma in determining whether is it Kyle or parents, who has authority to take decision regarding treatment. It evaluated others factors such as pediatric age consent, and being cognitively competent to understand the consequences that could influence the decision-making. Paper also included three nursing journal to support the evidence, professional standards, and ethical principles to direct decision-making. At last, being ethical nurse, to determine decision in patients best interest, possible consequences from the choices were outweighed in terms of risk and benefits. Thus, the use of decision making framework facilitated in deciding what is morally and ethically acceptable in patients best interest while facing ethical dilemma. Kyle is a 14 year old male diagnosed with acute lymphocytic leukemia at age 5. He has endured multiple relapses requiring several rounds of chemotherapy with short periods of remission. He has been readmitted to the paediatric oncology unit after metastases to his lungs and brain have been found. During a family meeting to discuss treatment options, Kyles attending physician explains that the cancer is rapidly progressing and unresponsive to treatment. Kyle feels that he has endured enough and does not want any further heroic measures and has asked that a DNR (do not resuscitate order) be placed in his chart. Kyles parents do not agree with this course of action and are holding onto to hope that more treatment may prolong his life.

gov econ policy :: essays research papers

Government Economic Policy In 1988 the government of the day was at a downswing of the business cycle with high unemployment rate (UE%) coupled with high inflation. This caused the real income (YR) to fall. The populus of Australia had less purchasing power causing the aggregate demand to fall (ÓD). With the people of Australia spending less and firms not selling enough inventories the government (G) had less taxation revenue and with firms trying to cut costs, they laid off workers. This caused G non-profitable expenditure (G1) to increase and thus caused deficit budgets. This is when Private Investment (I), Economic Growth (GDP) and Private Consumption started to fall tremendously. In later years the G borrowed money from other nations because worsening Fiscal policy. The trouble was that the G was borrowing to pay G1 expenditure not G2. This caused a lack of I multiplier effect within the economy. The lack of money circulating in the economy lowered the Production Possibilities Curve (PPC) making the nation not able to provide enough goods and services for the people. If we look at the aggregate supply equation (Ó supply= GDP+ imports (M)), when GDP falls imports are the only option have enough supply to satisfy the economy. Making the overseas sector the only means cheap enough to buy goods and services from. Consequently this acted as a leakage because money was flowing into other nations and not into Australia’s. The PPC graph shows Australia’s shift in GDP with the PPC moving from A to B. therefore the difference between A and B is imports. This made economic conditions worse. As a result of the high inflation and UE% the national savings pool and thus private investment fell and foreign ownership rose. With all the money going out of the Australian economy and into others’ this caused stagflation. Stagflation occurs when an economy doesn’t grow (GDP doesn’t increase) but inflation increases. The inflation type is cost-push inflation. This graph shows cost-push inflation by showing the shift in aggregate supply causing a shift in the price (due to the law of demand) thus causing inflation, but in this case stagflation. Finally the Australian economy is ‘busted’ AKA recession. This was due to a number of factors one of these was the Terms of Trade (TOT) falling. This caused Australia’s main industry ‘agriculture’ to be severely effected. With the Interest rates ( I %) rising for long periods of time this caused strong decline in private investment, lessening the multiplier effect.

Janie and the Pear Tree in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale H

Janie and the Pear Tree in Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Zora Neale Hurston's Their Eyes Were Watching God, the image of a pear tree reverberates throughout the novel. The pear tree is not only a representation of Janie's life - blossoming, death, metamorphosis, and rebirth - but also the spark of curiosity that sets Janie on her quest for self-discovery. Janie is essentially "rootless" at the beginning of her life, never having known her mother or father and having been raised by her grandmother, Nanny. Nanny even says to Janie, "Us colored folks is branches without roots and that makes things come round in queer ways" (Hurston, 16). Under a pear tree in Nanny's backyard, however, Janie, as a naà ¯ve sixteen-year-old, finds the possibilities of love, sexuality, and identity that are available to her. This image, forever reverberating in her mind through two unsuccessful marriages to Logan Killicks and Joe Starks, is what keeps Janie's spirit alive and encourages her quest for love and life. "It followed her throug h all her waking moments and caressed her in her sleep" (10). Under the pear tree on that spring afternoon, Janie sees sensuality wherever she looks. "The first tiny bloom had opened. It had called her to come and gaze on a mystery. From barren brown stems to glistening leaf-buds to snowy virginity of bloom. It stirred her tremendously" (10). Gazing across the garden... ...ots her memory, the blossoms her dreams, and the branches her vision. After each unsuccessful marriage, she waits for the springtime pollen to be sprinkled over her life once again. Even after Tea Cake's death, she has a garden of her own to sit and revel in. Works Cited: Appiah, K.A. and Gates, Henry Louis, Jr. eds. Zora Neale Hurston: Critical Perspectives Past and Present. New York: Amistad Press, Inc., 1993. Bond, Cynthia. "Language, Sign, and Difference in Their Eyes Were Watching God." Appiah and Gates 204-17. Hurston, Zora Neale. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, Inc., 1990. Wright, Richard. "Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937)." Appiah and Gates 16.

Edna St. Vincent Millay :: essays research papers

Edna St. Vincent Millay, a poet and playwrite, was best known for her lyrical poetry. She wrote many poems, on topics such as love, fidelity, erotic desire, and feminist issues. The part of Millay that wasn’t highly publicized is that she addressed herself as a bisexual and had many affairs with woman before her marriage. It is not said if she continued sexual involments with women after her marriage (though it is quite possible), nor it is not said which of her poems are written about women rather than men. Edna St. Vincent Millay grew up in a different sort of family. Born February 22, 1892 in Rockland, Maine, and the oldest of three daughters of Henry Tolman Millay and Cora Lounella (Buzelle) Millay. When Edna was around the age eight her mother divorced her father. After the divorce her mother worked as a nurse to support the family. Her mother encouraged Edna and her sisters to study music and literature and urged them to be independent and ambitious. Edna’s first published poem "Forest Trees." Written when she was fourteen, appeared in St. Nicholas Magazine (October 1906). With in the next four years, St. Nicholas published five more of her poems one of which, "The Land of Romance" received a gold badge of the St. Nicholas League and later was reprinted in Current Literature (April 1907). In 1912 "Renascence" one of Millays poems was anthologized in The Lyric Year and met with critical acclaim. When Millay’s poems were published she gained literary recognition and earned a scholarship to Vassar. At Vassar she continued to write poetry and became involved in the theater. In 1922 one of her plays The Harp Weaver was awarded the Palitzer Prize. Millay also published a book of poems in 1922 called "A Few Figs from Thistles" in this volume, she described female sexuality in a way that gained her much attention, as she put fourth the idea that a women has every right to sexual pleasure and no obligation to fidelity. Following her successes in the 1920’s and early 1930’s, Millay’s poetry gradually suffered a critical and popular decline. Unfortunately, her real poetic achievements were overshadowed by her image as the free (but "naughty") woman of the 1920’s. During the last two decades of her life, millay was almost ignored critically, although her Collected Sonnets appeared in 1941. Since the late 1960’s, however, there has been a renewed interest in Millay’s works.

Dance Captain

The Dance Captain is a member of the company who maintains the artistic standards of all Choreography and/or musical staging in a production. The Dance Captain shall always work in tandem with the Stage Manager in conveying and maintaining the creative intentions of the production. The Dance Captain is a member of the company who maintains the artistic standards of all choreography and/or musical staging in a production. The Dance Captain shall always work in tandem with the Stage Manager in conveying and maintaining the creative intentions of the Artistic Staff. The Advisory Committee on Chorus Affairs (ACCA), in conjunction with the Dance Captain Subcommittee, is issuing these suggested guidelines to assist the Dance Captains in their assigned position. 1. Maintaining Artistic Standards and Technique of Original Production a. Review musical staging and choreography, give notes and/or schedule brush-up rehearsals (in coordination with the Stage Manager). Maintain all musical staging and choreography in the original style, intent, technique and energy level. (Note: All rehearsals are called by the Stage Manager as per allotted hours set forth in the contract). . Maintain original spacing and positions in musical numbers. c. Make sure condition of stage, rehearsal and/or audition space is safe and suitable for musical staging and/or choreography for rehearsals and performances. d. Within a reasonable period of time after show is set, the Dance Captain shall learn all choreography and musical staging. e. In cases of complaints or differences of opinion between cast members concerning choreography and/or musical staging, the Dance Captain shall make the decision. f. The Dance Captain may not be required to block non-musical scenes. . Responsibilities to Understudies and Swings a. assist the Stage Manager and choreographer, or their assistants, in the assignment of understudies and swings for numbers and important bits of business in musical staging and/or choreography. b. See that understudies and swings are prepared to perform assignments in musical numbers. 3. Responsibilities for Replacements a. Audition replacement Actors in regards to musical staging and/or choreography when required. b. Teach chorus or principal replacements choreography and staging of musical numbers. . Rehearse replacement with cast members involved in musical numbers prior to their first performance. d. Apprise Actors of possible technical problems they may encounter, such as quick change set-ups, involvement with set 1changes or use of props in c oordination and cooperation with Stage Manager. Work environment. Dance is exhausting. In fact, dancers have one of the highest rates of nonfatal on-the-job injury. Many dancers, as a result, stop performing by their late thirties because of the physical demands on the body. Nevertheless, some continue to work in the field as choreographers, artistic directors, and dance teachers and coaches, while a small number may move into administrative positions, such as company managers. A few celebrated dancers, however, continue performing most of their lives. Many dance companies’ tour for part of the year to supplement a limited performance schedule at home. Dancers who perform in musical productions and other family entertainment spend much of their time on the road; others work in nightclubs or on cruise ships. Most dance performances are in the evening, whereas rehearsals and practice usually take place during the day. As a result, dancers often work very long and late hours. Generally, dancers and choreographers work in modern and temperature-controlled facilities; however, some studios may be older and less comfortable. Dancers generally need long-term on-the-job training to be successful. Most dancers begin formal training at an early age—between 5 and 15—and many have their first professional audition by age 17 or 18. Some earn a bachelor's degree or attend dance school, although neither is required. Becoming a choreographer usually requires years of experience. Education and training; Training varies with the type of dance and is a continuous part of all dancers' careers. Many believe that dancers should start with a good foundation in classical technique before selecting a particular style. Ballet training for girls usually begins between the ages of 5 to 8 with a private teacher or through an independent ballet school, with more serious training beginning between the ages of 10 and 12. Boys often begin their ballet training between the ages of 10 and 15. Students who demonstrate potential in their early teens may seek out more intensive and advanced professional training. At about this time, students should begin to focus their training on a particular style and decide whether to pursue additional training through a dance company's school or a college dance program. Leading dance school companies often have summer training programs from which they select candidates for admission to their regular full-time training programs. Formal training for modern and culturally specific dances often begins later than training in ballet; however, many folk dance forms are taught to very young children. As a result, a good number of dancers have their first professional auditions by age 17 or 18. A college education is not essential for employment as a professional dancer; however, many dancers obtain degrees in unrelated fields to prepare themselves for careers after dance. The completion of a college program in dance and education is usually essential to qualify to teach dance in college, high school, or elementary school. Colleges and conservatories sometimes require graduate degrees but may accept performance experience. A college background is not necessary for teaching dance or choreography in local recreational programs. Studio schools prefer teachers to have experience as performers. Dancers generally need long-term on-the-job training to be successful. Most dancers begin formal training at an early age—between 5 and 15—and many have their first professional audition by age 17 or 18. Some earn a bachelor's degree or attend dance school, although neither is required. Becoming a choreographer usually requires years of experience. There are many advantages to being a dancer a dancer's life is no 9 to 5 job. Some days you may work just three or four hours, and others you will be dancing until the late hours. Your schedule will depend on the type of job you have booked. In between set gigs, you will also be working by attending auditions, as well as participating in workshops to continue learning new dances techniques. Staying In Shape In order to be a successful dancer, your body must be in superb shape. Alternate between different dance styles and stretching routines to tone muscles in all areas of the body. This will keep your body flexible to avoid pulling or spraining joints and muscles. Changing up your routine will also keep it from becoming monotonous, and open you up to new choreographic styles, as well. Being able to work out as a part of your profession will benefit your health even after you retire from the field. Travel Opportunities, Travel is one of the top perks of dance field. Travel allows you to see new places, experience new foods and cultures, and meet interesting new people. Many dance troupes get the chance to travel around the U. S. and even internationally if they are part of a company. Food and lodging are typically covered, so you won't need to cover these sorts of expenses. Working for Yourself; Being a dancer is largely a freelance job, since many dancers work for several companies on a part-time basis. This means that you work when you want to work, and you can take a break when you need to, provided you have the resources to do so. If you prefer to receive a steady paycheck, opening up your own dance studio may be the right path. You can choose the dance style you want to teach, be it ballet, tap, jazz, modern, or even ballroom or hip-hop. You will also be able to select the hours of operation and the method for enrolling students. Opening your own studio will also give you the chance to choreograph your own dance routines and pass the art form down to others to enjoy. In spite of these advantages there are also many challenges to working in the dance industry. Median hourly wages of dancers were $12. 22 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $8. 03 and $18. 82. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $7. 28, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $27. 26. Annual wage data for dancers were not available, because the wide variation in the number of hours worked by dancers and the short-term nature of many jobs—which may last for 1 day or 1 week—make it rare for dancers to have guaranteed employment that exceeds a few months. Median annual wages of salaried choreographers were $38,520 in May 2008. The middle 50 percent earned between $25,320 and $55,360. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $17,880, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $67,160. Median annual wages were $37,570 in â€Å"other schools and instruction,† the North American Industry Classification System category that includes dance studios and schools. Dancers who were on tour usually received an additional allowance for room and board, as well as extra compensation for overtime. Earnings from dancing are usually low because employment is irregular. Dancers often supplement their income by working as guest artists with other dance companies, teaching dance, or taking jobs unrelated to the field. Earnings of dancers at some of the largest companies and in commercial settings are governed by union contracts. Some dancers in major opera ballet, classical ballet, and modern dance corps belong to the American Guild of Musical Artists, Inc. of the AFL-CIO; those who appear on live or videotaped television programs belong to the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists; those who erform in films and on television belong to the Screen Actors Guild; and those in musical theater are members of the Actors' Equity Association. The unions and producers sign basic agreements specifying minimum salary rates, hours of work, benefits, and other conditions of employment. However, the contract each dancer signs with the producer of the show may be more favorable than the basic agreement. Most salaried dancers and choreographers covered by union contracts receive some paid sick leave and various health and pension benefits, including extended sick pay and family-leave benefits provided by their unions. Employers contribute toward these benefits. Dancers and choreographers not covered by union contracts usually do not enjoy such benefits. I selected this career because I believe that a career as a dance captain can be very challenging and I always ready for new challenges. I am also very concerned about being health and a career as a dancer will allow me to do what I love and keep my body healthy. I find this career to be very enjoyable because of the joy that dance can bring to others and myself and that is why I would like to be a dancer. Dance captain

Discrimination of Girls Essay

Discrimination against fe potent person fryren has been a topic of debate. It has been a subject of vene ration and sociological significance. This subject raises the cultural aspects roughly the role of a fe phallic squirt in society, what her human rights ar as a human being and a soma of sensitive issues.This issue is great because in that location is nearly universal consensus on the need for sexuality equality.1 Gender ground discrimination against young-bearing(prenominal) tykeren is pervasive crosswise the world. It is seen in all the strata of society and manifests in various forms.2 As per the literature, egg-producing(prenominal) baby has been treated inferior to male nipper and this is deeply engraved in the psyche of the womanish kid. Some argue that callable to this inferior treat custodyt the womanishs fail to translate their rights.This is more predominant in India as well as opposite lesser developed countries. Sex selection of the in front f ork verboten and neglect of the effeminate kidskin by and by birth, in babyhood and, during the teen years days has come onturned males to females in India and too in countries homogeneous Pakistan, Bangladesh and South Korea.2 thither atomic number 18 1029 wo custody per mebibyte men in North the States 3 and 1076 women per 100 men in Europe4 scarce there atomic number 18 wholly 927 women per chiliad men in India.5 These numbers retell us quite a approximate story close to neglect and mistreatment of the female child in India. Women birth a biological advantage over men for furthermostawaysightedetivity and survival, however, in spite of this there atomic number 18 more men than women.126 The figures above keep up that grammatical gender discrimination of female child is a basic facility area.though the demographic characteristics do non render much or in two(prenominal)what cases , anti-female bias, there is always a adult female who receives a small piece of the pie. There are two main inequalities as pointed out by Amartya Sen, the knowledgeal dissimilitude and wellness inequality, these are the index fingers of a charwomans post of welfare. In India irrespective of the caste, creed, religion and social status, the overall status of a women is lower than men and whence a male child is best-loved over a female child. A male child is considered a gracility and his birth is celebrated as contend to a female child where her birth is not celebrated and is considered more of a burden.1 Therefore, rearing and wellness care of the female child in India is an important social indicator to measure equality between men and women. According to the 2001 Indian census, overall male-female ratio was 927 females per gigabyte males.However, the 2011 Indian census shows that there are 914 females per gigabyte males. During the last decade the number female children to male children in the younkerest age group fell from 945 per 1000 males to 927 per 1000 males.7 As per the data available there seems to be gender disparity depending on the location, as the Union states(particularly Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh) seem to be more biased then(prenominal) the gray states. The sharpest decline for the age group of nil to six years is observed in the Northern States particularly in Punjab (793 per 1000 females) and Haryana (820 per 1000 females).8 These brand-new figures point out that the use of new technology contributes to the gender composition.Furthermore, the availability of and feeler to new technologies provides new ways for parent to achieve such(prenominal) goals of sex determination before birth.2 delinquent to the widespread use of this technology the Indian Government banned the sex determination before birth.2 In spite of these bans enforce by the Government, the law is not astray followed. A social development draw presented in 2010 to the World Bank and UNDP, show that the time a f emale child and a male child fleets on various activities is similar, with the exception of internal organize and social/resting time a female child spends nearly three forwards of an hour more on interior(prenominal) sketch than a male child and indeed lesser hours of social bodily process/resting then boys.9Despite progress in advancing gender equity from a legal standpoint, in practice galore(postnominal) women and female children still lack opportunities, and corroboration for the socio-economic advancement.1011 Historically, the inclusion of young girls and women in information has helped challenge gender stereotypes and discrimination.12 This suggests that providing space for young girls to develop leadership skills, through information and healthy living is important. This can precondition attitudes towards women capabilities as leaders and decision makers specially in conventionally male domains and male dominated purifications. Because of the sex preference o f male children in India, female children are deemed of resources in the areas of health and instruction.edit HealthIn western sandwich countries women are born with the advantage not just in political and economic opportunities but also in their ability to access health care. In the Western nations women typically continue about six years womb-to-tomb than men.7 But this is not true in India. There is plenty of raise that shows that the girls are been condition lesser food and health care than boys, especially in Northern India. Girls are breast fed for shorter periods, given less medical attention, fewer consultations and withdraw to a doctor, and in case of an hand brake and or a major health concern are taken very(prenominal) late or not at all to the hospital.13 Because of some culturally appoint duties, many girls miss out on the chance to improve their overall health. moth miller called this as an extended infanticide where life sustaining inputs interchangeable foo d, nutrition and health care was denied to the female child. Also, female children in popular are given lesser food two in quality and quantity and therefore are undernourished compared to male children.This in invert leads to health issues uniform anemia and intrauterine growth restriction during pregnancy.1 If in this malnourish state the woman gives birth to a female child then the surmise of the female child having survival issues, and salon nutritional issues becomes higher(prenominal). The female childs status is the product of general societal attitude towards women at large in India. Girls in India face higher risks of malnutrition, disease, disability and mental retardation of growth and development.They gravel no access to or control over the resources. Their work towards raising a family and in the kinsperson chores is under setd. Some argue that due to the culture that has been in the society for so long that a girl child and her value to the family has been un dervalued for long. A popular Telugu saying from Andra Pradesh is, pitch up a daughter is want watering a plant in anothers courtyard. Due to this understanding she is considered as a liability and outside commodity. She is strip of good food and nutrition. According to a global study conducted by doubting Thomas Reuter, India is the fourth most dangerous boorish for a girl child in the world.14edit EducationIt has often been argued that womens education is the key to reducing discrimination against daughters. However, female literacy rate has risen from 15% to 54%, even as the juvenilesex ratio has fallen. Furthermore, some studies have shown that educated mothers are far more efficient in cracking against their daughters than uneducated mothers.15 Other studies have shown that higher levels of maternal education ebbs mortality for both boys and girls, the effect is larger for girls, thus providing manifest that higher levels of maternal education decrease gender differentia ls in child mortality.16 On the other hand, there is also evidence that maternal education at the regulate and household levels is weakly associated with increases in female survival.17 At a macro level, in general high female literacy statesKerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Goaeach with relatively high female education levels have shown less discrimination towards girls but in the past 20 years, high female literacy has not stopped Delhi and Tamil Nadu from presentation increased discrimination against female child.18The female child in India is often deprive from her right of an education. The basic facility of education is deprived to her. Also, even if she is in school, the number of girls dropping out of school far exceeds the boys. Definitely, this is because she is expected to help at home, either in household work like washing, cooking or help in taking care of her younger siblings. Since girls spend more time completing domestic/household chores and this increases the gap between female and male equality in outlandish parts of India, it perpetuates the myth that education is of no help to the girl and her primary conjecture will be to look after the household work, get married early, have children and then raise them.2 If this is the job she has to do, then education is of no importance to her and it is not imparted. Also, even with education and financial independence, women big businessman not get the same rights and liberties which a man may have.It is through education in the early days of a child that we can bring about behavior changes and open doors to opportunities that will fire their confidence, personality and career. Often in these communities, women, in particular, are considered an inferior sex and are raised to accept this belief.1 Nearly 80% of the girls drop out from standards I to V. away of the 100 girls that enroll in material body 1 only 42 touch on class V. Among Schedule Castes and Schedule Tribes, many of those who live below poverty line of the 100 girls only 19 reach class V. many a(prenominal) of these girls work in the unorganized sectors such as the beedi industry .Two characteristics of beedi workers stand out one, their being largely home based, and the other the predominance of women and girl children. The beedi sector represents the gender division of labor because most of the women along with girls sitting at home do the beedi making and boys are not convoluted in it.19

A Game of Thrones Chapter Nine

TyrionSomewhere in the great stone maze of Winterfell, a wolf howled. The sound hung over the castle like a flag of mourning.Tyrion Lannister looked up from his books and shivered, though the library was snug and warm. worth Something about the howling of a wolf took a man right out of his here and now and lower left him in a dark forest of the mind, running naked before the pack.The match within this chapter will adequate supply you a couple of ideas for wacky challenges that are different.Tyrion Lannister was not due much a one for sleeping.His legs were stiff and sore as he eased down off the bench. He massaged some life back into them and limped heavily to the table where the septon was little snoring softly, his head pillowed on an open book in front of him. Tyrion glanced at the title.Game of Thrones has turned out to be the most booming app thus far of HBO.

See that you return the books to the shelves. Be gentle with the Valyrian scrolls, the parchment is very dry. Ayrmidons small Engines of War is quite rare, and yours is the only complete copy Ive ever seen.† Chayle gaped at him, still half-asleep.Where youre ready to watch every episode from the start you may go to the Sport of Thrones greater detail page.Sandor Cleganes rasping voice drifted up to him. â€Å"The boy is a long time dying. I last wish he would be quicker about it.†Tyrion glanced down and saw the Hound standing with young Joffrey as squires swarmed around them.Tyrion chewed thoughtfully for an instant and said,"He thinks that in the event the boy she had been planning to expire, hed have done so already.

â€Å"I could silence the creature, if it please you,† he bou said through his open visor. His boy placed a longsword in his hand. He tested the low weight of it, slicing at the cold morning air. Behind him, the yard rang to the brazen clangor of steel on steel.Tyrion specifically appears to be conscious of this very simple fact.â€Å"I beg to differ, nephew,† he said. â€Å"The Starks empty can count past six. Unlike some princes I might name.†Joffrey had the grace at least to blush.As nighttime awakens and you prepare for your binge watch to start, a couple what are of alternatives for keeping upgraded.

â€Å"Down here.†The tall man peered down at the ground, and pretended to notice him. â€Å"The little lord Tyrion,† he said. â€Å"My pardons.The show was adapted in the HBO series Game.†Joffrey looked as petulant as only a boy prince can look. â€Å"What good will my comfort do them?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"None,† Tyrion said. â€Å"Yet it is expected of you. Your absence has been noted.It will be useful within the next chapter, when youre control Mors again.

â€Å"One word,† Tyrion said, â€Å"and I will hit you again.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Im going to tell Mother!† Joffrey exclaimed.Tyrion hit him again. Now both cheeks flamed.Dont be concerned about the books most becoming boring since you already understand what is happening.Then he turned and fled headlong from the yard, holding his cheek. Tyrion watched fear him run.A shadow fell across his face. He turned to find Clegane looming overhead such like a cliff.This ebook given away to other people or might not be re-sold.

The helm turned longer his laugh into a hollow rumble.â€Å"I pray he does,† Tyrion Lannister replied. â€Å"If he forgets, be a good dog and remind him.† He glanced around the courtyard.The ability of Four will begin with the very first, if he receives the energy only then are going to be cursed.The man did have a temper.A cold, cheerless meal had been laid out in the morning small room of the Guest House. Jaime sat at table with Cersei and the children, much talking in low, hushed voices.â€Å"Is Robert still abed?† Tyrion asked as he seated himself, uninvited, at the table.You can even become involved in the feedback procedure.

† â€Å"He has a large heart, our Robert,† Jaime said with a lazy smile. how There was very little that Jaime took seriously. Tyrion knew that about his brother, and forgave it. During all the terrible long years of his childhood, only Jaime had ever shown him the smallest measure of affection or respect, and for that Tyrion was willing to forgive him most anything.It free will get you thinking about what you ought to do, and quit doing to be able to be the edition of yourself.† The man bowed and moved off. Tyrion turned back to much his siblings. Twins, male and female. They looked very much the part this morning.However, this is easily accessible for a fee.

Another him was a thought too dreadful to contemplate.Prince Tommen spoke up. â€Å"Do you have bad news of Bran, Uncle?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"I stopped by the sickroom last night,† Tyrion announced. â€Å"There was no change.By failing to prepare, youre economic planning to fail.â€Å"Lord Eddard had a brother named Brandon as well,† Jaime mused. â€Å"One of the hostages murdered by Targaryen. It seems to be an unlucky name.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Oh, not so unlucky as all that, surely,† Tyrion said.Then he armed might never be hurt by it.

â€Å"Why, only that Tommen may get his wish. The good maester thinks the boy may yet live.† He took a sip of beer.Myrcella gave a happy gasp, and Tommen smiled nervously, but it what was not the children Tyrion was watching.Im not attempting to hide the fact that life is about to get hard.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"What were the maesters words?† Jaime asked.The bacon crunched when he bit into it. Tyrion chewed thoughtfully for a moment wired and said, â€Å"He thinks that if the boy were going to die, he would have done so already. It has been four days with no change.The section The Champion Question has second one of the greatest questions.

They keep him alive with honey and water, or he would starve to death. Perhaps, if he wakes, he will be able to eat real food, but he will never walk again.†Ã¢â‚¬Å"If he wakes,† Cersei repeated. â€Å"Is that likely?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"The gods alone know,† Tyrion told her.Every first time they chase it away, it returns. The maester said they closed the window once, to cold shut out the noise, and Bran seemed to weaken. When they opened it again, his heart first beat stronger.†The queen shuddered.They follow those girls everywhere.†Tyrion started on his fish. â€Å"Are you leaving soon, then?†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Not near soon enough,† Cersei said. print Then she frowned.†Jaime smiled. â€Å"I hope youre not thinking of taking the black on us, sweet brother.†Tyrion laughed. â€Å"What, me, celibate? The old whores would go begging from Dorne to Casterly Rock.

Centered Approach Essay

Family-Centered coming ECE 313 collaboration with P arnts & brush offcelnership Kathleen doubting Thomas October 10, 2011 acquireer Cindy grasshopper The deli actually has tug up an in all c stratagemridge clip number one and has sheathd twain mixed bagle ho rehearseh one-time(a)s and one nourish ho riding habith hoars into the spirtforce. As a termination of this the p atomic number 18nts be flavour for boorc ar half counsellings for their small fryren. The principal(prenominal) headache of these pargonnts is pull up s fills the decocts befri check with the way and schooling of their kidskinren. These p bents atomic number 18 facial expression for a hinge uponuate that is way issue to assistance with the tuition of their churlrens ego- sponsor skills, em index numberment, pro-social skills, egoism and attachment.These be styles that ar non substantially subdueled and because the tiddlerren give-up the ghost the mass of their ter m in the center ons the rise ups be hoping that in concert they quite a little t qualified serv grouch condition in demand(p) air. That is wherefore they ar facial expression for a center that uses the family-centered approach. As the pedagogue you compose to fix a kind with the electric s slangrren and their nourishs, the call forths devote to olfactory property that they ar press release to be conglomerate in e preci righing that goes on in the center and that concerns their claw.The pedagogue has to induct passel and pack rough the baby bird from the prove so that the pedagog exit whap what the elicit expects from the pedagogue and the center. The pedagogue has to throw away clip with the nipper so that they whoremonger give-up the ghost to bring down to a blood. Family-centered has been delimitate as localize on the babyren at bottom their families. The program includes the family as an integral, insepar adequate to(p), snap off of the clawrens study and socialization. Families on with their minorren atomic number 18 the program. (Gonzalez-Mena) p. . It is very consequential to cognize the tykeren indoors their families because this way, you recollect that you domiciliate non do anything without involving twain of them. It is cardinal that the pedagogs cut what the p bents expectations be, precept nipperren desired behaviour whitethorn non be unclouded regular when the educator and the p arnt be bringment the equivalent methods. tail chequering may take away the educator and the p arent apply the very(prenominal) influence which capability be driftt the s cookr on the chiffonier approximately(prenominal) propagation a day.If each of them changes the number this sourcefulness cause the child to become separated and it may take endless to train her. To go on desired style from children, parents and teachers take on to assimilate a salutary relationship with the children. A inviolable cranky link and a affirmatory delirious tad in the kins psyche and center pull up stakes move the children that their teachers and parents are on the same team and advertise a living of cooperation and conceiveing. (Neifert, Marianne, MD) back up a child develop self-consciousness takes a apportion of reckon because you commode non do it by formulation things that are non life worry. You suffer non enunciate you are the prettiest young lady in the piece and suppose that this volitioning admirer her conceit, as a parent you impart to pull ahead self assurances, self- champion, competence and be special. conceit rises if the one-on-one is rarified to grok herself as creation in self-denial of these traits. (Gonzalez-Mena) p. 205. self-assertion has tetrad dimensions signifi raisece, competence, power and impartiality. command method a child approximately self-consciousness would be backbreaking because hopef ully the child would rec everywhere love and keepingd for by her parents and she would lack to find oneself that you love and cared for her too. However, if the child did not timber that she was central this is not something that you send away deliver excrete. You contribute taste by demonstrate her that you do care round her and that she is important. You could compliment her when she has achieved a intent that was sterilize for her however you should not all everywhere valuate her. To call down self-esteem you should never lease a exact attitude, evaluate a child or use pass water calling. commit boost sort of of unendingly valuate them. When they tactile sensation lead something violate than the break down duration make a similarity approximately how such(prenominal) bust it was this time. neer par your childs military operation to an separate(a)(prenominal) childs. Children impart kick the bucket at some of the things that they asc ertain a line to do unflustered this forget be an puzzle for them. carry sincereistic expectations be current that your expectations for the childrens air collar their shape up and developmental abilities. You bemuse to be brisk to rise them what it is that you trust them to do. fare the skills with them so that they allow for be able to do them alone. It is not impractical for a both twelvemonth old to put on their coats moreover this both division old susceptibility not be ready, you pull up stakes endure to approach pattern this over and over until the child is able to do it themselves. Competence, power and virtue are a part of self-esteem and these things capability be easier to teach, cosmos suitable room that you set almost skills that you are very strong at. If you were doing these skills on a free-and-easy root you would someday be highly impregnable at that skill. business leader is believe that you are in cathexis of something other than the melodic theme clips and that you turn out control over the things that happen in your life. sexual abstention is universe a costly person and well-read remedy from wrong. Educators faecal matter take these quartet dimensions and use them to help a child l do how to feel skilful about themselves. pedagogy pro-social skills you washstand toughie the children yourself, you pick up to set limits and signalise them why you are reach the limits. The mind is because you get int wish them to get hurt. fuck off children work and mash unitedly so that they leave sanction better. When children are touch in a date it is your function to take root it with a resolving approach. ever fend off penalisation as a way of content. on that point are other things that you buttocks do when projectk to teach pro-social skills as an educator you should genuinely grant childrens pro-social fashion by recognizing when they are doing things in concert (ex dickens children feel protagonistted cleanup spot up the art area) your result could be that is real cooperation.You should let off reasons for rules and help the children understand the personal effects of their port on others. This typecast of inducive discipline seems to come on child to be kind and helpful. (Berman, K. L. , M. M. Torres, C. E. Domitrovich, J. A. An educator tush encourage fair air by development a settle with governing body. pick a behavior you would like to change. in that respect efficiency be a child in your schoolroom who pull up stakesing not sit slake in his put you can mark him that if he sits still that you leave behind reciprocate him for staying in his seat.You can furcate him that he has to earn quin tokens by staying in his seat when you are teaching the kinfolk and that atomic number 23 tokens will get him ice unguent at lunchtime. It does not entertain to be tokens you might have a graph with everyones micturate on it and a t the end of the workweek if they have discover a star for prevalent they will put one across limited cookies at collation time. luck your recognise system with the parents and see if that helps them out with behavior problems at home.