Monday, September 30, 2019
James Marcia Identity Achievement
Amy Striker Child Psychology 04/11/2013 Finding Your Way Through Identity Crisis Do you remember being a high school and being overwhelmed with all the choices of colleges, majors, occupations etc.? This seems to be the most confusing time of an adolescent’s life and one they will never forget, however what most don’t realize is that there is not just a point that we are all grown up. Instead, there is a very long process and it takes a lot of effort. James Marcia delved beyond Erik Erikson’s stage of identity achievement and created four different levels of this achievement.These levels were distinguished by crisis and commitment. Crisis is defined as a period of identity development during which the individual is exploring alternative, while commitment is personal investment in identity (Marcia, 2003). Identity achievement is obtained when an individual searches for different alternatives, explores those alternatives and makes a commitment to one of the choices . When one is identity achieved they have explored different ideals, occupations, and political views. From the exploration of each, the adolescent finds what they feel they most relate to and commit to those views and ideas.Achievement is also associated with advanced reasoning ability seems that adolescents and adults who can take multiple perspectives on themselves and others also have a ? rmer and more ? exible sense of who they are. For this reason, successful individuals have higher intimacy in their relationships. They are able to commit and feel confident that they will be able to understand their partner’s point of view without having to change their own. However, they have to adapt and understand their own viewpoints while at the same time not experiencing the levels of despair found in less cognitively sophisticated people (Marcia 2003).Moratorium occurs when there is a crisis being faced but no commitment has yet been made. During this phase comes the process of m aking standards for ourselves. Adolescents often express a conflict between their own needs and parental values, and between desire and fear of consequences. In the midst of moratorium, anxiety is likely to be the highest of all the stages, the reason being there is far more uncertainty and pressure residing in the need to make a choice that will change the course of one’s life and career (Marcia 1966).High school students and college students are normally found in this stage. After an individual has reached this stage however, they will very unlikely be going back to foreclosure or diffusion. Foreclosure is the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis. This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.A Foreclosure unquestioningly accepted the standards (usually pa rental) with which she had been brought up, and when pressured by a significant other or their own impulses, clung to rules and authority to guide actions. Those individuals whose entire family is in a particular field may be in this group when they graduate high school and upon their freshman year may begin to go to the way of moratorium, for they are able to explore different ideals in a parent free setting. Diffusion is the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis or made any commitments.Not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, they are also likely to show little interest in such matters. Those who are in the diffusion category are often weary about their life equilibrium being disrupted, they see themselves as the way they are and they are afraid of making changes. These individuals may go into a career office, scoff at the results of their aptitude tests and never end up researching into those ideas as an individual in the morat orium stage would.Difficulty in reaching identity achievement may also come from an avoidance of facing external or internal conflicts that will disrupt our equilibrium that we were comfortable. Ways in which some cope with conflicts may be with assimilation or accommodation. Reacting with assimilation involves interpreting new information according to the schemes, or patterns of thought, we already possess. Someone may use assimilation when they are afraid of changing their major when they are not doing very well perhaps because they are in the foreclosure category and are worried their parents will be disappointed if they do not follow in their footsteps.This person may assimilate by working harder and harder even if they do not get joy in the end. Accommodation involves changing our schemes, or patterns of thought, to better fit with new information. In this case, the student would recognize that he is working hard and isn’t succeeding, but then looking into other majors t hat may suit his skills better, understanding that he needs to create his own identity instead of necessarily following his parents’ occupations. (Kroger 2007). Culture a collective concept providing a common frame of reference for a human group to make sense of reality.Culture is not a stable set of beliefs or values that reside inside individuals but it is located in society, in patterns of practices, ideas, institutions, products and artifacts. As cultural content changes, so do the self-concepts and psychological functions that mediate that culture (Markus & Kitayama, 2010). Adolescents often share daily experiences, hold common values, and face common challenges. A coherent sense of identity supported by agency and self-direction is required to be successful in one's occupational and social life in the United States and other unstructured western societies (Markus 2010). In Western cultures, adolescents are often allowed more freedom in discovering life choices in ideolo gy, careers, and societal interactions. While some adolescents have an easy time figuring out what they want to do with their lives and what their core ideals our, others feel at a loss. Because there is no definite answer and such an excess of possibilities, they may want to sit out of the decision process for as long as possible. This is not beneficial for them and is a consequence of our post-modern cultural goals.Goals that are held to such importance often causes increased stress those children are not ready to deal with. Ways in which to help with these difficulties may be for a counselor to meet with each and every student, once and if it is evident that a child has no idea what they want to do with life, meet with those children on a separate occasion. Parental involvement also play a vital role in the decision making process. Since there are different attachment styles, there cannot be an evaluation of what type of parental involvement is necessary for all children.Just as every child has a different way of making these decisions; parents have different comfort levels of involvement as well. However, it is still essential a parent does not force their ideals and occupation choices onto their children in an authoritative manner; for their children will have an impossible time exploring alternatives if they are frightened they will be scolded when taking their own path. In addition, our culture is often pessimistic about certain careers, causing a child who really feels that that is the career or them to instead choose what their parents want or some other popular occupational choice. Regarding pessimism towards ideals and politics, a person whose parents strictly prohibit all homosexuality may be less likely to stand up for what they believe because they fear negative sanctions from society. Currently, this issue is being addressed by many people coming together to share their own views, making it a simpler task of addressing these alternative ideals. In this way, the excess of possibilities is not as problematic in the discovering of one’s identity.Religion though, is a different story; parents in our culture and around the world expect their children to retain the religion they were centered in. A failure to do so is viewed as disrespect. Seeing that America is a melting pot of cultures, a family strives to maintain their culture for many generations, and waning from the path prevents this cultural harmony. Similarly, it is difficult in our culture to change political views when a family’s viewpoints have been quite close minded.From experience, if a father is republican, they are weary when their son or daughter develops democratic views that oppose their own. Upon discovering such information, parents may say such things as â€Å"I did not raise my children to grow up a liberal†or â€Å"with those views you are taking away all my hard earned money†, sayings that attempt to force the individual to temporarily adapt to their parents demands. Although culture is more far reaching, adolescents spend the most time within their family’s culture, leaving the biggest mark on their identity.Technology holds an important role in post modernism. With technology, individuals who are going through the identity achievement process have many resources at their disposal. They are able to look into different careers with information on the internet being readily available. However, for some adolescents this causes an increase in anxiety because there are again so many choices, and the fear of making the wrong choice deters them from looking. The benefits of technology though, outweigh the cons for there are hundreds of academic sites that are at our disposal for discovering our identity.Cell phones, although sometimes too readily available, allow individuals to feel as if they are more accepted and emotionally supported by many different people at the same time. This aspect is importa nt to identity achievement for when one feels as if they do not have anyone who is emotionally attached to them, they may feel lost and have a more difficult time finding themselves. In counseling, Knowing about how adolescents can more easily go from diffusion to identity achievement can help a counselor make things a bit easier by suggesting ways of going about finding their calling.Also, parents must have a way in which to hear about how perhaps their children may need different outlets to find out what interests them. A counselor for an adolescent who is striving to find their self-definition must discover ways in which to facilitate the motivation aspect of wanting to be identity achieved. A beneficial discussion would be in self-esteem, social relationships and anxiety levels. In addition, just hearing the client talk about who they feel they are, can help them make a major discovery.Research tactics in counseling that would benefit discovery, may be discovering defense tactic s to prevent regression from identity achieved state to diffusion. Those who have many conflicts that they feel as if they cannot overcome may have lowered self-efficacy as well as having regressed, causing them to not be motivated to try new things (Kroger 2000). They see themselves as already trying many different things, failing when they made a commitment, and not wanting to look into other alternatives that they may also fail at.Some adolescents who go to counseling may feel as if their parents’ divorce or another family event has hindered their ability to progress through achievement. These individuals would benefit greatly from counseling only if they are not focusing solely on the problems caused by divorce but ways in which they are not at fault, allowing a feeling of freedom to find their own self. After this realization by these certain individuals, multiple sessions discussing ways in which they can get involved and discover different fields of occupation and idea ls may greatly help their identity achievement path.In addition to these circumstances, those in moratorium are often seen by counselors. When in the moratorium stage there is a greater feeling of anxiety from the uncertainty of the future and stress of making a decision. In a counseling setting, there is a person who is able to be nonattached and give an honest opinion, something that a moratorium individual may have a hard time finding in their daily life. Counseling is the most beneficial for adolescents when they are in their senior year of high school and their freshman year of college.From personal experience observing others, I have found that an individual in senior year feels as if they have reached identity achievement. They have job shadowed during the summer, talked to different teachers and friends about occupation choices and been to see their academic counselor to discuss any problems with their decision. What I see happening to many students is, when they get into th at major, they feel as if they do not want disappoint themselves or their parents if they do not feel like it was the right choice.Although there are many people that they see have changed their paths, the thought of themselves not making the right choice in the beginning frightens them. After all, they may have put forth a lot of effort to find the major they thought was their destiny. These students in particular are the most at risk for regressing from identity achievement to moratorium and perhaps back to diffusion. A counselor’s importance in this point in time is to make the student feel more calmly about changing their major; that it will not upset any other people and if it does the counselor is there to diffuse the situation.Identity achievement is not an easy accomplishment, it is one that takes immense action, contemplation and the biggest decision an adolescent has made so far in their life. Just as there are many ways in which to facilitate the identity achieveme nt process, there are the same about of ways to hinder it. The individual has the ball in their court and it is up to them to make a move or stay where they are in development. uccessful achievement of identity is a requirement of maturity, for within the achieved status, one must have control over their emotions, a need for intimacy, regarding friendship or marriage, be comfortable with their happiness and know what ways they can foster their own development. Counseling is beneficial when a crisis has been experienced and the adolescent is weighing their different options. When an individual has achieved identity and feels confident with most aspects of their being, they are very unlikely to regress.The older one is the less likely regression will occur. References Kroger, J. (2000). Ego identity status research in the new millennium. International Journal Of Behavioral Development, 24(2), 145-148. doi:10. 1080/016502500383250 Kroger, J. (2007). Why is identity achievement so elusi ve? Identity: An International Journal of Theory and Research, 7(4), 331-348. Marcia, J. E. (1966). Development and validation of ego-identity status. Journal Of Personality And Social Psychology, 3(5), 551-558. doi:10. 1037/h0023281 Marcia, J. E. (2003).Treading Fearlessly: A Commentary on Personal Persistence, Identity Development, and Suicide. Monographs Of The Society For Research In Child Development, 68(2), 131-138. doi:10. 1111/1540-5834. 00257 Markus, H. R. , ; Kitayama, S. (2010). Cultures and selves: A cycle of mutual constitution. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5,420430. doi 10. 1177/1745691610375557 Anthins, K. (2011). 7 clues to identity achievement. Retrieved from http://www. psychologytoday. com/blog/who-am-i/201108/7-clues-identity-achievement-part-1. d
Sunday, September 29, 2019
Grandparent Rights
My First Grandson How many of you have grandparents that have played an important role in your life? Were they there when you needed them? According to the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, there are over 29 thousand children in Idaho alone who are being raised by their grandparents. I am one of those grandparents. On November 21s, 2004 Destin Hardy was born and this is when the bond of grandparents and grandchild began. Destin was 12 months old when his parents decided to move to Washington. It was so hard for me to let him go. I knew however that anytime I wanted to see him I was able to.It was in 2006 when my grandson and my son came down for a visit, they ended up staying with us on a permanent basis. My son was 20 years old and was just getting back on his feet, so I suggested that Destin stay with us until my son had a stable environment for him to go to. I at this time didn’t know the big effect this would have on my life. Another kid was all I could think about. I wasn’t worried I wouldn’t be able to do it, as I have raised four children of my own. I was actually worried about how to do it. Raising a child in today’s world is more difficult than when I was raising my children.Being a grandma and being a mother are two different things. I wanted to spoil him rotten. And as we all know once spoiled, always spoiled. So life began with a spoiled baby. It didn’t take to long for me to change to the mother mode though. My parental instinct took over and all of the skills I had used before came back to me. Destin was so active at this age. He loved the water and playing ball. I think his favorite thing to do was to jump on the trampoline or was it riding the lawn mower with â€Å"my wavier†(Xavier), as he called him. Even at night time he would want to read or color.I placed him in preschool at the age of three and watched him grow with knowledge. I can remember that every day I dropped him off; he would take my hand and show me the parakeets and the big parrot. He had to make sure they knew he was there. While attending preschool, Destin began reading at a higher level than expected. He was five and graduated with a preschool graduation diploma with special recognitions â€Å"Outstanding Learner†. This was a proud day in grandma’s life. Guiding Destin and talking to him as if he was a mature child helped with his language skills and communication skills.He is a very intelligent young man and knows more than an average child should know at his age. At the age 6 1/2 Destin decided that he wanted to get involved with football like his uncles. I thought about this long and hard deciding that it wasn’t in his best interest. I then decided that Tai Kwon Do would be better for him. He could use a little more self-discipline and balance skills. What a great idea. Destin’s accomplishments have been great. In one year he graduated 4 belts and received his green belt one month ago.From the day that Destin was born, to watching him turn into a little man. Destin has brought a great joy to my life. I would never take back a minute of sharing his life with him. I wonder what the future holds for my grandson. I know that with the right guidance and love he will go on to accomplish great things and one day be a great leader and mentor to his children and grandchildren. Bibliography http://healthandwelfare. idaho. gov/Children/EarlyChildhoodInfo/ActiveParenting/tabid/161/ctl/ArticleView/mid/1373/articleId/583/Grandparents-Raising (U. S Census Bureau, 2005-2009)
Saturday, September 28, 2019
Philosophy Of Law Essay
Motive: A motive is a state of being relating to ones goals or specific desires. One may possess a conscious or unconscious motive. For example, one may act out of jealousy but not be aware of the jealousy. Even if motives are determined to be conscious, they are considered involuntary feelings or desires. Example:          A cigarette manufacturing company plans to increase profit through mediating the society’s aim of producing items that are non-nicotine. Through making â€Å"green cigarettes†, they tend to say that the said cigarettes have less nicotine, but would actually make the buyer feel to buy more because they are not consuming nicotine anyway. As a result, buyers would receive the same amount of nicotine for a higher amount of profit for the company, which is the main motive of the said marketing approach.                                                                             Intention: An individual’s intention is a means to an end. In other words, an intention is a way of achieving a specific goal or desire. Individuals are conscious of their intentions and may accomplish them by voluntary acts. Example:          A parent aims to protect his or her child through giving him the right chance to know the right principles in life that they ought to apply through maturity. Law is Concerned with Intentions:  The law is concerned with intention, but not with motive. Determinations about motives are hard to ascertain and very complex. Therefore, one cannot be held liable for a motive. They are involuntary behavior patterns. Requiring judges to determine penalties based upon motives would undercut predictability and uniformity of justice. Given their voluntary nature, the law punishes based upon intent. An individual can be held responsible for their intentions. Example:          A domestic helper accidentally killed her boss for the sake of self defense from a sexual assault from the said employer so she was pronounced not guilty by the court.                                      Skepticism Regarding Responsibility: Skepticism attacks the method of apportionment of responsibility for violations of law. Will the party be held personally responsible and if so, to what degree? Or will society have to bear some of the responsibility for an individual’s violative action? Skepticism is argued in many forms. Skepticism may be premised upon a theory of determinism, practicalism, technologicalism, and morality. Example:          A company aims to increase the quality of their products; however, the cost of the manufacturing has been passed in huge percentage to the consumers. As a result, the buyers has set an issue that has a great impact on the capability of the company to receive larger profit for the business. Deterministic Skepticism: Deterministic skepticism comes in a variety of degrees. In its most extreme, deterministic skepticism suggests that if one cannot help doing what they are doing, they should not be responsible for their actions. Other forms of deterministic skepticism are less drastic due to their belief that only a few persons are actually in a position where they cannot help what it is that they are doing. In the less extreme form, the inquiry focuses upon evidence regarding one’s ability to control one’s actions. Example:          A kleptomaniac is usually not held responsible for the things that he steals because of the fact that are considered psychologically disturbed. Practical Skepticism: Practical skeptics will not inquire into the question of responsibility because of the time required for such an inquiry has an inefficient impact upon the legal system. Such inquiry is believed to be an inefficient distribution of scarce judicial resources. Example:          A case against sexual assault has been dismissed by the court because of the lack of supporting evidences that proves that there is a real case to be solved. Technological Skepticism: Technological skepticism refuses to inquire into the question of responsibility, because its belief that the true concern of the legal system is that of control over the public. In sum, effective social control does not include an inquiry regarding responsibility. Example:          A case with regards a particular situation that involves an employee being disabled because of the machineries of the company has been dismissed due to the fact that the company already did its responsibility to the employee at the best of its cost. Moral Skepticism: Moral skepticism also forbids inquiry into responsibility because the theory holds that it is inconsistent with enlightened morality to insist on individual responsibility for harm. Example:          A man that has been separated from his wife for five years and has never been able to communicate with her now decides to marry another woman. He was permitted by his religious affiliation to do so, on the basis of the other partner being guilty of adultery and the process of divorce not being legal in the country. For this reason the court honors the marriage as well. Strict Liability: Strict liability is another theory in the consideration of allocation of responsibility. Strict liability requires assessment of liability upon grounds of physical acts without regard to actual responsibility. The theory does not require a finding of intent to commit crime and therefore does not require resources for determination of intent. Proponents argue allowance of strict liability to replace individual responsibility in its entirety. Strict liability agrees with the utilitarian perspective and represents a denial of individual liberties in favor of deterrence for public protection. Example:          An accidental occurrence that caused the injury of an employee from a work area has been considered a null-case since the evidences show that the situation has occurred because of a mere accident and nobody could be blamed for it.                                 FOUNDATIONS AND THEORIES OF LAW Eternal and Divine Law: Eternal law recognizes the role of a divine figure in the establishment of law. The numerous theories of eternal law suggest that law is created by the word of God, transmitted by prophet and sent to govern man. Recognition of eternal law is still found in Hebrew, Islamic and Babylonian law. Example:          The decision of the church to marry a man to five wives as an Islam is never touched by the law because it is a law based from the beliefs of the people. Disadvantages of Eternal Law: Eternal law requires faith in a divine being, of which there is no universally accepted figure. Eternal law also requires translation through a prophet who is not held liable for the rules since she interprets the word of God. Example: Natural Law: A system of rules and principles guiding human behavior based upon conduct common throughout all people. The laws and principles grow out of humanity’s rational thoughts and conform to natural mental, moral, and physical states. Cardinal premise states that humanity acts upon rational thoughts framed by our true nature to satisfy needs and impulses without interference from deception, dishonesty, or indulgence. Example:          A woman was offered a high amount of money in exchange of disowning her company’s established principles in handling the people force so as to sabotage the operation of the business at the advantage of its competitor in the market. Her conscience did not permit her top do so, knowing that no matter how much money is to be paid to her, she is sure to regret what she is going to do. Early Theories of Natural Law: Various early theories of natural law believed the concept was based upon virtue, nature, reason, and God. Example:          The society naturally accepts the things that has already been set by the natural systems of the earth and the ways by which they relate to human lives, such as occurrences and dilemmas happening due to the climate change. Historical Natural Law Based Upon Virtue: Natural law based upon virtue can be governed by theories of good conduct or justice and reason. Typically, law dictates virtuous duties of a person in all facets of their life. The duties generally demand fulfillment of particular social obligations and the rules may be considered divine in origin or from the ruler. Alternatively, the theory of virtue based upon justice and reason, demands decisions based upon an individual’s sense of justice and reason. If a decision is prompted by anything other than justice or reason, the person has failed to live by the law of nature. Example:          People are expected to act towards the situation facing them through reasonable idealism of truth and principles. If a man is faced with adversity of poverty, he is expected to work on making possible amends to support his life through working and not stealing. Historical Natural Law Based Upon Natural Justice: Natural law based upon a theory of natural justice was developed by Aristotle and holds that laws are of two types; universal and specific. Universal law is the law of nature and binding upon all people. Universal law does not change. In contrast, specific law is developed by the local community. It is developed by people and limited in its authority. Specific law is apt to change frequently. Example:          Once a person errs, the society despises sharing time with him or her until they know that he or she has already regretted the sin sincerely. Historical Natural Law Based Upon Reason:  Natural law based upon reason was developed by Cicero of Rome and establishes that law is premised upon reason in agreement with nature. Like Aristotle’s universal law, Cicero believes that natural law based upon reason is universal in its application and does not change. To alter this type of law would be considered a sin, and it cannot be repealed. It is a law which is eternal and unchanging and valid to all people at all times. This law was believed to be written by God. Example:          People pay in exchange of goods because it has been established through the olden times of the biblical and human history that something is given in exchange of something taken. Historical Natural Law Based Upon Divine Intervention: Natural law premised upon divinity was forwarded by St. Thomas Aquinas during the 13th century. Saint Thomas classified law into 4 levels. The first level is divine law, not all of which is known to man. The second level is divine law known to man, called eternal law. From eternal law comes natural law, and from natural law comes human law. Example:          People are usually guarded in their decisions through the divine understanding that they have with regards the principles of God. These decisions are considered by the court as the basis of accepting the existence of divine intervention. General Premise of Natural Law Based Upon Divine Intervention: Saint Thomas’ general premise of natural law is founded upon a notion of goodness. Saint Thomas’ theory holds that evil acts must be avoided and good acts accomplished. Generally, natural law applies to all people and prescribes that an individual act virtuously. Example:          People are expected to act upon situations based upon their understanding of the different principles of life that are considered as social norms, their decisions as per mentioned are naturally expected to be based on such moral beliefs. Criticisms of the Historical Theories of Natural Law: Some of the criticisms of early natural law theory include; 1) failure to distinguish between natural laws and normative laws, 2) man is removed from responsibility in moral decision making, 3) man’s contribution to own civility is ignored and, 4) distrust is unnecessarily placed in manmade structures. Example:          The judgment of humans with regards natural occurrences had been mistakenly related to the acts of abrupt human decisions. Historical Natural Law Lacks Distinction Between Natural and Normative Law: One of natural law’s many criticisms is premised upon a lack of distinction between natural and normative law. Natural law exists at certain levels in man and in nature whereas normative law, crafted by man, does not exist in the world of nature. Natural law, much like nature, exists upon its own terms with no sense of morality. Natural law is fashioned from a factual and a regular existence whereas normative law is comprised of human morality. Example:          Same-sex marriage had not been accepted by the law before, however, just lately, it has been widely accepted by both the church and the law because of the changing levels of social and moral law in the human community. Historical Natural Law did not Assign Responsibility for Moral Decisions: Natural law forwards the proposition that nature makes the selection between two possible and competing moral values. Realistically, the decision between competing values is made by man and not by nature. Therefore man must assume responsibility for selecting between two values and he should not ascribe the choice to nature. Example:          Love has been noted by almost everyone as a basis of all existing law. However, if it has been the basis of committed crime, love is then set aside to judge the situation as to how it has affected the lives of others involved in the matter. Historical Natural Law Ignores Man’s Contribution to Own Civility: Natural law does not consider man’s ethical and moral development, apart from that development which occurs through application of natural law. This premise ignores the importance of man’s contribution to his own development. Those opposing natural law believe man has more than a passive role in his ethical and moral development and should be given credit for such contributions. Example:          Although humans have already created possible ways to develop their own lives, natural law suggests that the developments are still based from the natural ways of the environment and not on the pure intellect of humans. Historical Natural Law Promotes Distrust in Man Made Structures: Natural law promotes distrust in man made structure. Natural law considers everything created by man to be erratic and inconsistent with prior structures. Opponents of natural law will argue that the existence of normative standards created by man govern his sense of judgement in a consistent fashion. Illustration of normative standards includes world religions. Example:          Natural systems are considered perfect and sustaining. It is this reasoning that would actually break down the causes behind the social distrust upon the manmade structures that are not likely following the systems of nature in sustenance and structural existence. Justification for Punishment Based Upon Retribution: Retribution is often cited as a justification for imposition of punishment for illegal action. Retribution is most commonly associated with a theory of fairness. One should be punished as a result of one’s blameworthiness in committing an illegal act. The beneficiaries of the punishment will be the society at large. Example:          An alleged terrorist upon investigation is judged as guilty and is kept in custody of the authority so as to protect the values of the greater number of human population. Justification for Punishment Based Upon Deterrence: Punishment has been justified upon the basis of deterrence. The theory holds that punishment deters illegal activity in two fashions. First, an individual may be deterred from committing a crime after considering punishment of a prior criminal. Second, the repeat offender may be deterred from committing crime as a result of prior punishment. The beneficiaries of the punishment will be the society at large. Example:          A prisoner not showing change is usually asked to rehabilitate so as to help him in not repeating his act and the other by being victimized by the said act. Justification for Punishment Based Upon Reformation: Punishment has been based upon a theory of reformation of the individual’s character, thereby allowing subsequent participation in society. The beneficiaries of punishment under a theory of reformation will be society at large and the individual criminal. Example:          Reforming criminal offenders especially the juvenile population is a regular practice that is applied by the government. This aims to help reaffirm the situation of the offender in a better status in the society, thus becoming a better person t the same time.                                                               DEFINITIONS Jurisprudence: Jurisprudence is comprised of two definitions relevant to the study of law. First, in the legal tradition of the United States and England, jurisprudence pertains to legal philosophy. Secondly, other European countries refer to jurisprudence as the collection of decisions of a particular court.          Opinionated Definition:          A person looses the real understanding of the jurisprudence of law when he becomes less able to understand the law due to anger and anxiety that increases the chances of moving violently against other people in the society. Likely, jurisprudence is returned to one when he is able to receive the rightful judgment he deserves from the authorities of law.          Example:             A jury decides to dismiss a case because of being highly moved for the reasons of the accused of why he did the crime. It turned out that he had no choice but to do it for the sake of protecting the one’s he loved. The court was less powerful in this case as the majority of the jury as well as the people in the court the public all attested to one plausible fact that the convict did it for a deep and logical reason.     Justice: The definition of justice depends upon which definition of jurisprudence is under consideration. By the American and English definition, justice means, â€Å"the constant and perpetual disposition of legal matters or disputes rendering every man his due[1].† But a broader definition of justice includes, â€Å"a moral or absolute rightness and upholding what is fair and just[2].†            Opinionated Definition:          Justice is applied as a normalizing factor among the differences of the people on the world. It sets the differences of the people in an equalizing their ideas and opinions with regard law and such things. Hence, justice is a regular matter that needs to be applied in the society continuously. A person then is supposed to be continuously considering justice towards himself and towards others as part of his moral responsibility to the society.          Example: Wal-Mart employees claim that they are being unfairly treated by their organization. As they continue to serve the company, they are also constantly apprehended by their union to continue fighting for the justice that they deserve as the force increasing the profit of the company every year. Natural State of Man: A state or condition whereby man reacts according to his natural impulses and not as a result of such stimulus as fraud, deceit, or misrepresentations.  The natural state of man is developed in the theory of Natural Law.             Opinionated Definition:          Conscience is a natural way by which humans understand the natural law of life, the impulses of humans with regards right and wrong is a strong implication of the reality of the existence of natural law. This is the section of the law that actually designs the basis of the right and wrong within the modern human law today.          Example:          A man was faced with great adversity of being homeless. He along with his family needed somewhere else to stay other than the streets so the man decided to search any possible area that he and his family could live for while. Out of need, the man saw a deserted house that nearly looked destroyed, still he managed to bring his family there and live there. After a few years, he was able to improve the house. Later on the owner of the house shows up and claims that the house has been stolen from him. The man attests that it was already deserted when he saw it and looked as if nobody already owned it. The man agrees to pay the price of the lot for possession, but the owner refuses to take the offer, instead he wants them to get out of the area. The man refuses the same way and a court hearing was set to solve the issue. Logic: The science of reasoning, or the operations of understanding which are subservient to the estimation of the evidence. The term includes both the process of proceeding from known truths to unknown, and all other intellectual operations[3]. Opinionated Definition:          Logic is used by everyone wanting to understand the regularities of life. Every individual utilizing it actually makes a meaningful understanding of the things happening to him and to the environment that he is living in. with logic’s existence, people are given the chance to reason out as to why they have done things in their past and how those experiences affect their present lives today.          Example:             Not everything has been explained to a defendant when he was talked to by his lawyer because the session hearing has already begun. However, through looking at the faces of the people in the court, logic tells him that there is something that will happen ones the new witness is set for questioning. Prerogative: An exclusive or peculiar right or privilege. A special power, privilege, immunity, or right vested in an official person, either generally, or in respect to the things of his office, or in an official body, as a court or legislature.[4] Opinionated definition:          Each person believes to have his own prerogative in life. Using it as a basis of his decisions actually makes his life more meaningful and successful as he uses the power he has to support the wants and the needs he is expected to support in his life today.             Example:          The NEDA Secretary of the Philippines, Romulo Neri refuses to speak on the depth of the case on the XTE-NBN deal as he is protected by the executive privilege law stating that he can conceal things as long as he believes he has already said what he needed to say at the senate. Property Law: Property law defines the borders of our legally rightful possessions, the nature and scope of those things we can take rightful title to. It is also used to describe the exclusive right of possessing, enjoying, and disposing of a thing[5]. It is the highest right a man can have in an object. Opinionated Definition:          Every person is given the rightful authority over his belongings. This is the primary basis of the property law which draws the line of the limitations and extent of one’s properties. Such law serves as a guideline to one’s understanding of the things that rightfully belong to him.          Example:           A number of people ought to say that the place where their scanty homes are standing is their own as community as it is already a public property, therefore they refuse to evacuate when a public project has been passed on to be built in their area. They point out that they have already worked hard for the development of the said area and they deserve to be paid for what they have done. On the other hand, the businessmen attest that they already own the area as they already bought it, meaning that they could already do anything that they would want onto it. Ratio Decidendi: The ground or reason for reaching a decision. The point in a case which determines the judgment[6]. Opinionated Definition:          Rational understanding of situations is likely much related to ones logical reasoning over a certain thought that explains a situation as it happens. Being rational about things makes one more capable of seeing the two sides of the coin or the positive and negative aspects of an occurrence. Being rational too helps a person to become more understanding of things as they come barging in to one’s lifetime using such occurrences as great opportunities for change and development.          Example:             Wal-Mart finally decided to face their issues with their employees. They tried to come up with the useful process of meeting the needs of their employees as they also meet the standards of the business. Likely though, after a year, the union decided to continue the cases against Wal-Mart as they believe that their values were not served well even after the agreement. Rhetoric: The art of effective expression and the persuasive use of language.[7] Opinionated Definition:          One’s capability of using language as a major source of expression of thoughts is a gift. However, a more persuasive pattern used by politicians and other certain personalities in the society today in an aim of influencing others is actually a more complex manner of using words for the sake of attracting people to take notice of the thoughts of the said individuals for consideration.          Example:             The politicians today use rhetorical speeches to be able to help the people understand their propagandas set for the betterment of the society as per proposed by the said individuals during campaign.     [1]     Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.     [2]     The American Heritage Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1983.     [3]     Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.     [4]     Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.     [5]     Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.     [6]     Black’s Law Dictionary, 6th Edition, 1990.     [7]     The American Heritage Dictionary, 2nd edition, 1983.
Friday, September 27, 2019
Catastrophism or Uniformitarism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1
Catastrophism or Uniformitarism - Essay Example From this perspective, the general amount of resources that has been incorporated into geographical studies is quite huge. Researchers develop initial findings where developments continue to explain on a certain sequence. i) The two scientists, who came up with a new geographical phenomenon might as well not only cause unending controversy, but a consequent period of regret for all the involved professionals. Apparently, such kind of possible ideas that might have been neglected at the very start of the development of evolution theories would result into a whole new understanding of the earth. ii) Just as resources were allocated for the Georgian theory, so should necessary authorities address this upcoming idea; its strength, proof and influence might give a realistic approach to catastrophes. The possibility of craters that made an impact over 250 million years ago would result into a new definition on the aftermath that the then species experienced. It might be a sad situation for a majority of the geologists, consequent blame among themselves, for basing their ideas on one orientation without consideration for the contrary. iii) According to Rampino, the effects discussed could be due to a huge catastrophe as asteroids could have caused dust expulsion that would have resulted in loss sunlight and could have caused a drop of temperature and chilliness, which, in turn, could have led to extinction of life on Earth for a considerable period of time. However, numerous scientists argue that these mysterious changes could explain the gravitational pull in all circular geological structures and the entire underground. It is a difficult situation, not only for the two scientists fighting for their theory, but also to the geographical institutions globally. Earthquakes, volcanoes, batholiths, loppoliths, dykes, craters, plateaus, mountains among other geographical structures, might have a very
Thursday, September 26, 2019
How the Associated Press News influences US and how they are playing a Research Paper
How the Associated Press News influences US and how they are playing a role in the Globalized World - Research Paper Example Various organizations participate and have actually influenced how globalization impacts various parties. The media as an industry has been a key player in the transfer of information from one part of the world to another or the rest of the world. The Associated Press is one organization that enjoys international presence with a remarkable resource and customer base to its advantage in fulfilling its mission. This paper will focus on analyzing how the Associated Press News influences the United States of America and how the organization impacts the globalized world. Historical Background and Operating Logistics of the Associated Press The Associated Press (AP), formally New York Associated Press (NYAP), is a news agency that is owned and mainly operated by Americans, established in 1846. The organization was formed by five individual dailies based in New York with an aim of sharing the costs associated with transmitting news. The five daily newspapers that founded AP include New York Sun (the actual originator of the idea), the Express, the Herald, Journal of Commerce, and Courier and Enquirer. Other dailies that joined the five with time included the Tribune (1849) and The New York Times (1851). At the time of its establishment, AP needed to transmit news of the Mexican War, and this was supposed to be accomplished by the use of telegraph, boat and horse express services. In a Supreme Court case, in 1900, involving the Associated Press and Inter Ocean Publishing Company, it was ruled that the former was a public utility that was operating in trade restraint, a factor that led the organization to shift its base to New York from Chicago. This reason for the shift was because corporation laws in New York better favored cooperative organizations. Under the leadership of Melville Stone, the organization’s standards included impartiality, integrity and accuracy. Later, Kent Cooper came to establish news bureaus in the Middle East, South America and Europe. St one oversaw the introduction of the telegraph typewriter in newsrooms. The organization later started using the Wirephoto network that made it possible to transmit photographs within 24 hours from the time they were taken via telephone lines. In 1945, AP began broadcasting its news by distributing them to established radio stations. In 1974, the organization established a radio network for itself. Later in 1994, the organization started using APTV, an agency that worked at gathering global news on video. The organization saw the formation of APTN whose aim was to provide video to websites and international broadcasters. AP has managed to diversify its capabilities to an extent that in 2007 alone, its revenues from US newspapers only accounted for about 30% of its total earnings. In the same year, 18% of the organizations revenues were derived from photography and international newspapers, 15% from internet related ventures and 37% from global broadcast activities. According to the n ews agency, AP is a non-profit organization that is owned by 1500 United States daily newspaper members (Associated Press, 2011). The Associated Press has an admirable resource base, mainly in the form of news articles and features. No wonder its news has previously been published or republished by over 5000 radio and TV broadcasters and
Case Study Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Case Study Paper - Essay Example The news is a catastrophic event for the unemployed persons in the country, particularly for those who are living in their own house and have gone jobless for last few months or more and are unable to pay on their mortgages. Alan from Wall Street Journal reports, â€Å"About 3.6 million homes are likely to be lost to a foreclosure or distressed sale by 2013, on top of 6.7 million since 2006, according to Moody's Analytics.†This is really a grim situation in the sense that it is likely to bring a doom to all real estate owners. Why? In a free market, economic principles apply in its full force. One such law is demand and supply. Price remains in equilibrium when supply matches demand. Here the scenario is different. There is huge supply and very little demand. Sources say that the excess inventory of housing units for sale or on rent is estimated to be 1.2 million units at the end of 2010. (Fig 1; Berg, Robert 2010). Housing stock is stated to have aggregate demand of 0.3 mill ion units per year in the country. Simply these figures indicate that there is already a huge build up in the inventory over the demand.
Wednesday, September 25, 2019
Risk Management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Risk Management - Research Paper Example Having seen the danger posed by this kind of storing cash within a business, strategists came up with a number of ways to prevent cash theft by employees (Fennelly 39). One of the most fundamental ways of preventing employee theft while operating a cash drawer is to employ honest and trustworthy personnel. Another crucial method of preventing employee theft while operating a cash drawer is to always be aware of the cash in the inventory, store, security, and staff behaviors at all times. In this way, an employer is able to prevent any sort of losses through employee theft since security is intensive (Fennelly 50). Thirdly, an employer can prevent employee theft by monitoring their access. Generally, managers should find it necessary to always be informed of what is happening in the business’ cash drawer. In this way, the managers are able to know which employees have codes and keys to the cash drawer; therefore, in case of any loss they know who is accountable. Fourthly, havin g cash handling processes that does not give room for mistakes can aid in preventing employee theft cases (Ramsey and Ramsey 57). Fifthly, being always present and available for the team is very substantial in preventing employee theft. ... Apart from that, maintaining employee monitoring after undergoing an intensive training is very important when it comes to preventing shoplifting when using a cash drawer. Immediately after the newly employed staff concludes its training, setting up measures that will see proper monitoring of the staff is a sure way of preventing any sort of shoplifting, especially at times when the store is using a cash drawer system. There is also the method of establishing single or simply individual cash drawers for every employee, which have similar balancing procedure at the end of every single day (Wallace and Larry 55). Moreover, initiating a management sign offs in each refund, void, and refund deposit in a store that employs the cash drawer system of storing money is relevant and can help prevent shoplifting. Such strategies are suitable for preventing large-scale losses that may result from possible â€Å"pay outs†(Fennelly 77). In addition to that, a manager can help prevent shopl ifting in a store that uses a cash drawer by putting into place a regular inspection program that goes through register journal tapes and finds out if there are any irregularities. Piecing together a system that allows advent and regular inspection of largely what goes around the store facilitates security and prevents shoplifting in places where they use cash drawers (Ramsey and Ramsey 68). Disaster and recovery plan Commonly, a disaster and recovery plan is planning of a business that seeks to ensure its continuity even after the occurrence of disruptive event that may be in the form of a hurricane, snow, and/or even a simple power outage that may occur anywhere next or close to the business. In a disaster and
Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Should there be limits on international trade Essay
Should there be limits on international trade - Essay Example The strategic initiatives undertaken by the international trade regimes are deemed as pivotal towards understanding how organizations work to good effect within the industrial basis which are spanning all over the world. Therefore what one must comprehend is the fact that international trade will remain supreme no matter how tough or trying the times are in the future and what kind of conditions the world is going to engulf. Advantages International trade and world output are interlinked. Their relation is made stronger by the fact that there is a supply and demand relationship which exists between the two. The trade output in essence depends upon the world output and hence the relation seems to affect one another in a number of different ways. If the world output is less in a specified period of time, say for instance in any single year, then it would imply that the trade output has remained low as well (Warburton, 2010). If the world output has been higher during this while, the tr ade output would essentially go up and be stable as well. However when there are times of financial hardship and misery, recession will have drastic effects on the people as well. They would not mingle within the purchase domains as such and hence try to make do with whatever has been made available to them. The purchase of the products would go down and thus these people will derive comfort from the fact that they have made their financial future secure already. It is also a fact that during such recessionary times, the country’s currency will become weak and hence having imports from different countries with which it regularly has such a trade link will also become quite costly. It would be in the interest of this country if it disengages from the trade regime and tries to focus on making the trade output higher (Amin, 2008). This will eventually up the world output by quite a fair value and hence no problems would be encountered when there is another economic recession wit hin the country. The advantages of international trade are immensely driven by the desire to set things right for the sake of the people spread in all parts of the world. These advantages are significant towards gaining the vital understanding of the international trade realms. Disadvantages The problem with international trade is such that it depends on the stakeholders with which this trade is coming into actual basis. The trade links work wonders for the different trade organizations and lobby associations. If the market is not functioning in a proper and cohesive fashion, there could be problems for the international trade to happen. Also on the global front, international trade can take a nosedive if there are significant issues related with political tensions across the borders. This could mean that a particular country has trouble in importing goods from its links that have already been established over a period of time. Similarly this could mean that the international trade suffers when exportation of these goods is about to take place, but since the political climate is not appropriate at a certain time, these international trade links would come to a halt (Nkowani, 2009). There could be a multitude of reasons behind having
Monday, September 23, 2019
Consensual Relationship Agreements Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Consensual Relationship Agreements - Case Study Example Some people believe that workplace romantic relationships should be allowed and that employers should never try to inhibit them. Others, on the other hand, believe that these relationships should be inhibited and that the employees should not be allowed to express their feelings and emotions at work because this interferes with proper workplace ethics (Cohen, 2009). Consensual relationship agreement is a process that has been suggested for managing workplace relationships. A consensual relationship agreement is like a relationship contract where two individuals sign an agreement that explicitly reveals their personal and romantic relationships. As they sign the agreement, they agree to be in the relationship willingly and that their relationship will not affect their professionalism in the workplace. Advantages Consensual relationship agreements are extremely useful both to employees and the organization. Having employees sign this kind of agreement will be useful in making sure that any personal relationships in the workplace are well managed (Hellriegel, 2007). Employees will be sure that if the relationship takes a different course that it was meant, they will not be victimized by their partners by being sued for sexual harassment. A consensual relationship agreement will also help the employees to be sober about their professionalism and be able to separate their personal and professional life. Moreover, signing a consensual relationship agreement will be a better way of aiding the employees in having a relationship that they are not ashamed of and that has a better foundation. Consensual relationship agreements are no more of privacy intrusion than a marriage contract, especially considering that there is nothing for employees to be shameful about if their relationship is open and not based on negative foundations such as immorality or cheating other existing spouses. Employees can also benefit from the consensual relationship agreement because it will pro tect them from getting into relationships with people who are not serious about the relationship. All these factors indicate that the workplace will be improved and that the negative effects that come from personal relationships in the workplace will not be a problem. Argument Against Consensual relationship agreements also have negative impacts. For one reason, the use of consensual relationship agreements assumes that the relationships have a starting point. It is not easy to determine when and where a romantic relationship starts so that the parties involved can decide to sign the contract. While the whole idea of consensual relationship agreements is good because it is meant to make the workplace a better place and avoid confusions in the workplace, its implementation can only remain to be elusive. Studies show that employees resent being micromanaged even from a professional point of view, let alone from a personal point of view. Telling employees that they have to sign a contr act or an agreement in order for them to have a personal relationship is not as practical as it is theoretical. The spirit of consensual relationship agreements may be good, but how to implement is the problem. The other issue with consensual relationship agreements is that it fails to consider that relationships are volatile and always shifting. For instance, two people in a
Sunday, September 22, 2019
Porter Five Analysis of the European Airline Industry Essay Example for Free
Porter Five Analysis of the European Airline Industry Essay While the business model existed for some time (first such in 1973 US), the appearance of these in the European market needed the liberalization brought forth by the EU, implementing the „Freedoms of the air†in three stages. In 1997 the first LCC (Low Cost Carrier), the Ryanair began its operation, and in a few years a few more followed, which gave the national and network airlines a new problem to the existing economic problem, shrinking market and others such as 9/11. By today the changes in the past two decades have shifted and diversified the industry, which was once a mature and to some level declining in structure. The new regulations, companies, investors and consumers have brought new life, the industry once again mature with fragmented characteristics. The ideal tool for the assessment of the airlines industry is Michael Porter’s five force model. It aims to find and demonstrate the forces in the microenvironment which influence the industry, internal and external as well. Threat of new entrants (barriers to entry) †¢High capital investment ? †¢Capital intensive ? †¢Airport slot availability ? †¢Predatory pricing ? †¢Brand loyalty/frequent flyer ? †¢Economies of scale ? Limited number of routes ^ The threat of new entrants, due to the barriers mostly set by the nature of the industry and by the existing companies, are very low. Yet sometimes when the possibility arises, new companies start: in the past few years many national companies went bankrupt leaving a market to take by the existing companies or new upstarts. Bargaining power of suppliers †¢Ai rcraft manufacturers †¢Relatively low number of suppliers ^ †¢Suppliers are concentrated ^ †¢Airlines are valued customers ? †¢Airports †¢Slot availability ^ †¢Alternatives to the primary airports ? The bargaining power of suppliers is mostly two-legged, and both have a medium threat. For both parties it is best to find a mutually working solution on a long term, because it is a industry with relatively small number of players loosing even one can have an impact on both sides. Threat of substitutes †¢Alternative transport (bus, car, train) ^ †¢Videoconferencing ^ †¢Global environmental awareness ^ The threat of substitutes includes a broad variety for the different needs. All-in-all it still only gives a medium threat, since the quick transport to a distance has no alternative. Bargaining power of customers †¢Price ? †¢Internet/social media ^ †¢Customer orientation ? †¢Choice ^ With the first LCCs the customers had no bargaining power: if you choose to go with this low price, accept the services as it is. However, nowadays with more alternatives and the ever-reaching internet and social media a bad customer satisfaction can be a disaster. This can however be mitigated with customer orientation, but still customer had the choice, it is a medium high level. Rivalry within the industry †¢Between LCC and national/network airlines ^ †¢Between LCCs ^ The rivalry within the industry is high due to the high number of big and medium sized companies. The airlines industry is highly competitive, with very high barriers and medium to high threats within. While there is a relatively low threat from a new market entree, the existing international competition is fighting over all the resources: more and better airports possibly with mutually excluding contracts, picking up the customers fed up with their previous carrier or starting a price war on a selected destination, binding the newly aquired flyers with brand loyalty programmes. Unless there is an opportunity, it is not an attractive industry to enter due to the high number of barriers. However, once established a foot, it is a very interesting and very intensive industry with good possibilities. The major LCCs depending on how low cost they are making good profit and there is still room for growth. The key factors for success should include: †¢Efficiently utilizing the resources (financial, time, human resources) †¢Utilizing a network of business partners (complementary) †¢Timely expansion (trying new destinations, increasing frequency) †¢Customer orientation (with following trends eg. ocial media) These above should be observed by both LCCs and traditional airlines. The industry standards are given, those companies will become successful which can effectively utilize them.
Saturday, September 21, 2019
Analysis Of Foreign Direct Investment In Malaysia Economics Essay
Analysis Of Foreign Direct Investment In Malaysia Economics Essay Foreign direct investment (FDI) is an activity in which an investor resident in one country has a lasting interest in, and a large influence on the management of an entity resident in another country (OECD, 2003). It involves either greenfield investment or merger and acquisitions (MAs). The former represents generating a wholely new enterprise and it exerts more positive effects, while the latter represents amending the ownership of existing enterprises and it has a lower positive effect or even a negative externalities. FDI can also be defined as other kinds of financial transactions among enterprises, such as reinvestment of the earnings of the FDI enterprise or other transfer of capital. There are various forms of FDI, in which one of them is the ownership of the full penalty of the shares of the national firm or possession of the project before the acquisition of the foreign investor. Joint venture is another form of FDI, in which a company is being set up in the host country with the collaboration of local partners. Due to the partnership and the experience of the local market, this form is generally preferred. Another reason that makes it less risky is that foreign partner is not given the right to fully intervene over the operation of the project. In addition, FDI could be in the form of setting up new subsidiaries or branches of foreign parent companies, as well as marketing goods in the host country (Madura, 2006). FDI consists of the establishment of mobile and huge equipments like aircraft and oil; construction activity, exploration or extraction of natural minerals; acquisition of real property by foreign investors; retained profits, which accelerate capital accumulation; investment property rights, which are the funded projects and the setting up of companies and factories in which investor is a direct partner with shares atleast 10% of the total property rights (Abdel Ghaffar, 2002). There are determinants of FDI in the recipient country, despite its benefits. First of all, the economic determinants are separated into three components: (i) the economic determinant related to investments that seek to market along with abundance and growth of per capita income and size of the market as well as the free areas. (ii) the economic determinants related to those investment that are making production efficient, and (iii) involving those investments that seek the resources and assets, having plenty of primary natural resources, infrastructure, and most of the investment involve horizontal integration in seeking investment in the market. In addition, there is also a factor called policy framework that determines FDI in the host countries. It consists of institutional framework and economic policies that have an impact on investment in the host countrys political stability, law and legislation, exchange rate and others. Another determinant is related to business facilitation , i.e. the particular facilities to assist management of investors, the promotion of investment, building reputation, investment incentives, administrative and bureaucratic practices, as well as the provision of social services (Chung et al, 1999). According to Choong and Lim (2009), the choice of models for economic development determines the channels through which FDI influence economic growth. For example, a great impact of FDI on economic growth which can be observed via the production function is theorized by the endogenous growth models. In particular, foreign capital inflows (FCIs) have a significant impact on domestic capital formation or accumulation, in which it either has a crowding-out or a crowding-in effect on local investment. If foreign capital complements domestic capital, FDI will have greater influence on output growth. On the other hand, if FDI expand the variety of intermediate and capital goods, then the productivity level of the recipient country can be enhanced. Moreover, FDI reduces unemployment by creating job opportunities (Borensztein et al., 1998). FDI is important in the sense that it provides investible funds and foreign exchange earnings, in which foreign exchange can be used to import raw materials (Wong Jomo, 2005). Both elements enlarge the resource availability of a country, thus enhance savings and investment, and in turn promote economic growth. Therefore, it will help developing countries to eventually achieve self-sustained growth. This is because higher investment and growth rate with foreign capital supplement, are in turn also increase the domestic saving rate. Most developing countries do not have enough capital goods to meet the desired investment level and required inputs have to be imported by using foreign exchange. FDI makes up for any foreign exchange shortage by bringing in foreign exchange to pay for the necessary imports of capital and intermediate goods. Besides, it brings in new technology, technical assistance and expertise, scarce managerial skill, international marketing connection, marketing know- how etc. Foreign direct investment played a crucial role in Malaysian economy since last few decades. Through both micro and macro levels, FDI can affect a recipient country (Choong Lim, 2009). In micro level, via labor training, technological transfer, and positive spillover effects, multinational corporations (MNCs) can bring in technical and management efficiency to local firms. While for the latter case, FDI may affect both the financial variables (like balance of payment (BOP), inflation, interest rate, and foreign exchange rate) and real variables such as import, export, employment, economic growth and domestic investment (Levine, 1997). According to Choong and Lim (2009), it cannot be denied that the significancy of FDI is greater in diffusing or transferring technology know-how embodied in human capital such as organizational arrangements, new management practices, skill acquisition, and training. All of these will promote greater economic growth through higher level of efficiency and productivity in labor. On the other hand, by raising the technological level in the recipient country, FDI can bring technological change equally to both labor and capital. In this case, via a learning-by-doing process, economic performance can be influenced by FDI. In particular, expertise in fully occupied factor endowments of the recipient country, new managerial and organizational techniques, international marketing connections, product design and production methods can be diffused by FDI (Dunning, 1995). Imitation is therefore important. FDI is also favorable to the productivity of local research and development (RD) activities. In contrast, FDI may harm domestic economy. First of all, FDI may have a substitutive effect on domestic savings. Any negative effect of FDI on the domestic saving rate will have negative side effects on the investment rate. In addition, liberal regulations on income repatriation, which is often considered necessary as an investment incentive, may also adversely affect the balance of payment (BOP). If the private capital inflows are not large enough to fully offset net dividend outflows, meaning that the net financial contribution of FDI will be negative. The huge outflows of interest payments also will contribute significantly to the service account deficits, which will in turn have negative implications for macroeconomic stability. The danger of high import content may also deteriorate the domestic economy. Specifically, large influx of FDI into a country may lead to huge imports of investment and intermediate goods, which will in turn contribute significantly to growing import bil l, declining merchandise account surplus and large current account deficit. High import content also implies low domestic value-added and limited domestic linkages. In short, FDI may cause import propensities to increase. Furthermore, FDI may also result in an increased industry concentration, which is equivalent to high degree of market power for a few large firms, resulting in high barriers to entry for other small firms. To the extent that large firm is MNCs, a crowding out of local firms can be assumed to have taken place (Wong Jomo, 2005). FDI is also conventionally seen as a critical source of capital accumulation of a country from the perspectives of standard neoclassical growth models (Solow-type) (Choong Lim, 2009). Specifically, there is no disparity between oversea and local capital in stimulating output growth. It is also suggested that FDI significantly affect growth only in the short term, but not in the medium or long term, given the assumption of diminishing return to capital (Barro Sala-I-Martin, 1992). In short, there are various forms of FDI and it (FDI) consists of the establishment of mobile and huge equipments. FDI is benefical to a countrys economic performance as well as welfare. However, there are also disadvantages that bring harm to a nations economy. 1.2) Historical Background of Malaysia According to World Bank (1993), Malaysia was designated as one of the East Asian Miracles due to the rapid growth of its economy during the period of 1960-1990. The steady growth rate (long lasting) attained drew a lot of attention around the world. In the 1960s, the economy grew annually in an average of 6%, followed by 7.3% per annum in the first half of the 1970s, which indicated an improvement in the growth rate. After that, it performed better by achieving higher growth rate (GDP) at 8.6% per annum until 1980. However, in 1981-1985, the growth rate slowed down to 5.1% annually, followed by a pick up again to 6.7% annually in 1986-1990. From 1996 to 2000, the economy grew at a slower rate of 4.6% per annum, following a relatively faster growth of 8.7% annually in 1991-1995 (Jajri, 2009). Based on the report, it was shown that FDI generally plays a critical role in the economy of Malaysia (Wong, 2006). FDI has been carrying a heavy weightage in Malaysias GDP. For example, it carried 23.7% in 1985, 24.1% in 1990, and even 65.3% in 1999. Over time, there was also a rise in the stock of FDI. For instance, it was 7.4 billion U.S dollar($) in 1985, raised to $10.3 billion in 1990, and even increased by $44 billion from 1990 to 2000. Furthermore, in terms of gross fixed capital formation, FDI has been carrying a high portion, that is, it carried 15.1% in 1997, 13.9% in 1998, and even 20.1% in 1999. Since manufacturing industry has been attracting the largest amount of FDI in Malaysia compared to other industries, we will specifically concentrate on it. According to Yusop and Ghaffar (1994), in the development of manufacturing industry in Malaysia, FDI plays an important role. By enhancing product quality, the competitiveness of the manufacturing export (Malaysian) has been improving globally. In addition, business experiences and technology know-how has been spilled over to Malaysia when various multinational corporations (MNCs) invest directly in the manufacturing sector in Malaysia. One of the major strategies of the policy makers is to open foreign investment projects which can enlarge the countrys resource availability and potentiality, diversify investments or activities and promote economic development through contribution of capital, skilled jobs creation, and technological transfer (Jajri, 2009). Attracting FDI was one of the Malaysian governments key approaches to stimulate growth. The country always favored a welcome policy on investment and trade since the 1980s. Obviously, FDI has a crucial role in the formation of capital and thus, the economic development. In the 1980s and 1990s, Malaysia was very participative in deregulating its investment regime in the manufacturing sector compared to other countries under the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN). We can observe a significant progress when Mahathir Mohamad, our former prime minister, launched the new joint venture projects (especially with Korea and Japan) with the state-owned enterpris e (SOEs). For instance, Malaysia received large inflows of FDI accompanied by better expertise and technology due to the promotion of the Investment Act in 1986. In particular, various incentives like the establishment of Free Trade Zones (FTZs), export promotion by having tax deduction, tax allowances for projects expansion, investment expansion, tax holidays, pioneer status and other kinds of incentives to attract FDI were being provided. In the late 1980s, Malaysia continued to pursue trade liberalization by deregulating the barriers over capital ownership of MNCs, which in turn raised its FDI inflows. Over the years, the rates of tariff in Malaysia have gradually decline because FDI is needed to take entrepreneurial risks in order to make profits, at the same time to enhance the host countrys productivity. Despite the importance of other determinants, the strategic location of Malaysia is the main factor that attracted foreign investors to invest in the domestic markets (Jajri, 2009). As a result, Malaysia has been receiving vast amount of FDI during 1980s and 1990s. However, since the early 1990s, total foreign investments had been slowed down in several periods, though it has generally been increasing over the years. Specifically, a decrease in investments from Taiwan and Japan, the major source of investments led to a substantial decrease in FDI in 1993. The drop in investment can be attributed to the lacking of competitiveness in terms of labor cost as compared to other South East Asian countries like Indonesia and Vietnam. On the other hand, investments that are not much affected by the rising labor cost (relatively) in the manufacturing sector such as investments in petroleum and petroleum related products sector by US were relatively stable. Asian Financial Crisis in 1997-1998 which affected most of the South East Asian countries is another key reason to the decrease in investment to Malaysia. Nonetheless, the substantial depreciation in ringgit Malaysia (RM) against US dollar led to an increase in the value of investments by General Electric, Boeing and other US-based huge MNCs. Therefore, local consumers were benefited from a positive effect of the influx of the US investors in terms of after-sales service and follow-up services, which are highly valued by Malaysians (Jajri, 2009). In short, due to the successfulness in the adoption of economic policies, programs and strategies, Malaysias economic performance has been spectacular from the late 1980s (Karim Ahmad, 2009). Nevertheless, its distribution gap of economic growth among states has to be filled. As a consequence, the government continues to prioritize the distributional affairs in its national development plans. In order to decrease the imbalances of social welfare between states (less and more developed), a poverty alleviation program was adopted in its regional development plan. During the Third Outline Perspective Plan (OPP3) period (2001-2010) which was under the National Vision Policy, agricultural, services, and manufacturing sectors are being determined to facilitate a more rapid economic growth under the program. Specifically, in the manufacturing sector, foreign and domestic firms were given incentives to diversify their activities across all states. In this case, liberal equity policies, tax incentives, and different types of investment options were provided in order to attract FDI inflows into Malaysia. Figure 1: Malaysias foreign direct investment (FDI), net inflows from 1970 to 2008. Source: World Bank. Figure 1 illustrates the trend of Malaysia FDI inflows from 1970 to 2008, where the X-axis represents time period in year while the Y-axis measures FDI net inflows in thousand of US dollar. From the period of 1970 to 1982, although Malaysias FDI inflows shown an increasing trend (gradual), it was quite inactive due to the lack of knowledge, unpopularity in this area, as well as restrictive government policies which in turn will result in less mobility of capital between countries. In 1982 to 1987, there was a slight decrease in Malaysias FDI inflows before it raised dramatically in 1987 from approximately US$0.5 million to about US$5 million in 1992. This was due to the Japans currency appreciation, Japans and Asian newly industrialized economies (NIEs) trade friction with the US and European Union (EU) countries, as well as Japans and NIEs rising wage rates in the mid-1980s (Wong, 2006). In addition, the equipped necessary infrastructures for investment need and incentives (monetary and fiscal) provided by the government led to the increment of Malaysias FDI inflows. Another reason that causes the increase of Malaysias FDI inflows is the pool of disciplined and well-trained workers with relatively low wage. To further encourage investment activities in manufacturing industries, the Investment Act 1986 was introduced. The introduction of this act reflected Malaysian governments active efforts in stimulating private sector investment since the mid-eighties, that was when the country facing its worst recession. As a result, there were more foreign investors, especially from China switching their capital (investing) into the country. After that, the trend of FDI inflows was decreasing from 1992 to 2001, followed by an increasing trend from 2001 to 2007, before it decreased in 2008. In conclusion, Malaysias FDI inflows were fluctuated from 1970 to 2008. 1.3) Problem Statement Although Malaysia received FDI from China, it has to contend with China (one of the emerging economies) for oversea funds and facing domestic constraints and structural weaknesses simultaneously. Specifically, these limitations include high cost of doing business, inappropriate public delivery system and lack of skilled labors. In addition, Malaysia was relatively low in terms of production cost competitiveness compared to other countries, and Malaysias capital outflows trend has generated a few issues. One of them is the chances that deteriorating FDI will lower the countrys potential output, given falling private investment. Another concern is about a loss in domestic investors confidence in the country which is resulted from capital outflows. In short, Malaysia is still lag behind in ease of doing business. For a developing country like Malaysia, the issue of job creation is very important. According to Abor and Harvey (2008), although FDI is related to technological unemployment, it does play a critical role in job creation. FDI inflows from China are associated with large-scale and mass production and thus there is a need for large amount of domestic labor force to maintain the high production. In short, Chinas FDI serves as an alternative engine of growth to Malaysia. Besides increasing domestic investments, it improves the ability of foreign technology absorption, contributing to technology transfers and helping in innovation, promotes international trade integration, and thus brings our country to a competitive situation (Ghosh Wang, 2009). Figure 2: Chinas FDI outflows to Malaysia from 1987 to 2009 Source: Malaysian Industrial Development Authority (MIDA) Figure 2 depicts the trend of FDI outflows from China into Malaysia over 1987-2009 through annual flows and its share in total Chinas FDI outflows to Malaysia in ringgit Malaysia (RM). Since the late 1980s, it shows a small fluctuation in trend of Malaysias inward FDI from China with a relatively stable and low amount (amount not deviate too much). During the 1990s and early 2000s, the stable trend showed that China has opened up its economy to international trade and this in turn lead the amount of Malaysias FDI receipts from China increased. In 2006, we can see that there is a dramatical increase in trend due to Chinas heavy investment in Malaysias big steel project in Terengganu in producing flat irons, slabs, billets, hot rolled coils, and the former also involved in the mega project of Penangs second bridge. However, after the peak in 2007, there was a sharp decline in amount of Chinese investment which was mainly attributed to 2007/08 global financial crisis. China played a major role in the expansion of intra-regional trade and vertical specialization which are becoming increasingly important. According to Zebregs (2004), China carried 32 % proportion of Asians total export growth. The rising intra-regional trade among the Asian high-performing countries was significantly affected by spectacular outward-oriented growth performance of the Chinese economy. The vertical specialization in the case means China imports raw materials or intermediate goods from Malaysia and to produce final products which will be exported back to Malaysia. In recent years, Chinas trade has became more vertically specialized and Chinas exports contain a large proportion of imported goods from other Asian countries including Malaysia (Rumbaug and Blancher, 2004). Besides that, China is guaranteed to be continuously affect the growth trends of Malaysian economy due to the formers rapid economic growth, openness and size of economy. China became an example of autonomous liberalization as it became the biggest liberalizer of the local economy. China and other Asian high performing countries pursued free trade among themselves to the World trade organization. Furthermore, an increasing number of Malaysias capital goods and investment, components and sub-assemblies, parts, as well as primary products have been absorbed by China. In this short time period, a wholely new investment and trade pattern has occurred. Malaysian economy has been influenced both directly and indirectly by Chinas investment and trade, in which the indirect influences came from the method in which Chinas investment and trade manipulate Malaysias economic condition; while the direct effects came from Chinas bilateral trade and investment relationships with Malaysia. In short, it is clear that a major economic change in Malaysia has been caused by China. In addition, China also becomes increasingly crucial to Malaysia because of upgrading technology base reasons. According to Das (2008), China managed to absorb a wide range of industrial technologies, and was proven to be superior to other emerging market economies in doing so over the previous two decades, which were also the period when China was gradually becoming the worlds number 1 manufacturer of high-volumed industrial products. The trend was due to its extra focus on science and technology education, the admittance of the private sector into the provision of tertiary education, wide-based education adjustments, and the low-wage, but acceptable skilled and flexible workers. Because of huge and increasing investment, the life span of equipment and plant was reduced to seven years (Das, 2008). In a nutshell, since Chinas outwards FDI is extremely important to our nations economy (and even important to the rest of the world), it is worthwhile and beneficial for us to study its impact on our countrys economic growth. Furthermore, the factors that determine Chinas FDI are crucial in the field of economics, and thus this motivates us to shed some light on them. 1.4) General Objective of the Study The research question and problem statement give us an insight and motivation to analyze the relationship between Chinas FDI and Malaysias economic growth, in which Chinas outwards FDI and Malaysias GDP serve as the respective proxies. Our research will be able to serve as a significant contributor to the efforts in stimulating Malaysias economic growth as well as the field of development economics. 1.5) Specific Objectives of the Study To examine the effect of Chinas FDI on Malaysias economic growth from 1987-2009. To examine the determinants of Chinas FDI outflows in Malaysia. To investigate the short-run dynamic linkage between FDI outflows (China) and economic growth (Malaysia). 1.6) Significance of the Study Most of the empirical literatures in examining the relationship between FDI and economic growth were too general. The rapidly emerging economies in China who is able to provide huge investment funds, provided the recipient country is fundamentally strong in terms of macroeconomics and financial system have not been studied specifically. Thus, through our research, we may able to solve the problem by filling the gap resulted from past researchers. It is a very important study as it may suggest the rationality and suitability of further employing FDI (especially from China) as an engine of growth for Malaysia. As such, it might prevent waste of resources as the government can certainly allocate funds to appropriate areas for economic development and economic growth. In addition, the study on the determinants of Chinas FDI (outward) might suggests some appropriate factors in attracting Chinas outward FDI, which will in turn enhance the efficiency and effectiveness in the efforts or process of attracting Chinas FDI into Malaysia. Therefore, the study may assists policy makers in their decisions to enlarge or enhance certain promising areas, for example market size and human capital development in order to attract Chinas FDI into Malaysia, and thus stimulate economic growth. In short, by conducting this study, we will be able to provide more robust results on the impact of Malaysias trade openness, financial development, and most significantly Chinas FDI on Malaysias economic growth. The relationship was seldom being analyzed by previous researchers. Note that FDI is important to stimulate private investment as well as to create job opportunities. In addition, after the study, we can clarify the determinants of Chinas FDI outflows, specifically the relationship between Malaysias market size, exchange rate, human capital development (all are independent variables), and Chinas FDI outflows (the dependent variable). Lastly, the causal relationship between Chinas FDI and Malaysias economic growth can also be justified after the study. All three aspects being mentioned above are crucial in assisting policy makers to implement sound and wise policies, strategies as well as programs. Therefore, we hope that our research could contribute to the society as well a s the nation as a whole in the expansion and development of our country in order to achieve 2020 Vision and become a developed nation. 1.7) Organization of the Paper The remaining sections are organized as the followings: section 2 represents literature review, followed by section 3 which illustrates the data description and methodology being employed. Our empirical results and interpretation are in section 4 before we conclude in section 5.
Friday, September 20, 2019
Judaism :: essays research papers fc
Judaism Judaism is intrinsically open to history. It looks forward to a future event - the messianic redemption - that will dwarf the importance of Exodus. This paper will discuss the important holidays of the Jewish year and a look into the Holocaust from a Jewish standpoint. I talked to a friend of mine, Josh Cohen. Josh practices Conservative Judaism. I also retrieved some information from a book The Jewish Way; Living the Holidays. Rabbi Irving Greenburg wrote it. I will first explain the holidays I discussed with Josh, and then discuss Josh growing up in the Jewish culture. "They particularly exemplify the focus on developing human capacity in the Sabbath and days of awe. The primary, Holy days that nurture personal life along the way. The Sabbat, on a weekly basis, and Rosh Hashanah and Yom Kippers, annually, are the key periods of individual family renewal. These holidays accomplish their goals primarily by lifting the individual out of a routine that controls, too often, deadens daily life." The Sabbat is their weekly ceremony, held Friday evenings, to celebrate the end of a work week. Rosh Hashanah - Yom Kipper is the core that of being on trial for ones life. During that trial one moves from life through death to renewed life. Also discussed in this paper is Hanukkah, the festival of lights. Hanukkah stands for the temple that burned to the ground. The Jewish people only had an oil lamp to provide light for six nights and seven days. Therefore that is why they celebrate Hanukkah for six nights and seven days. Passover is also discussed. It is a time where Jewish families are to be fasting, no bread or meat. This last one week. Similar to the Christian Easter celebration. When a Jewish boy turns, age thirteen into an adult Jew they know it as a Bar Mitzvah. In order for this to happen a young teenage boy must attend Hebrew school. They usually take place a couple times a week. There are three types of Judaism worship Orthodox, Conservative, and Reform. Orthodox would be the most religious, Conservatism being middle of the road, and Reform being the least practiced. Josh grew up into the Orthodox beliefs because of his grandparents. Josh's grandparents, his father's mother and father, were Orthodox. His mother's, mother and father were Conservative. Eventually his mother and father switched over to the Conservative beliefs. The Orthodox beliefs would show the in the center and the women on the outside. They viewed women as caretakers. There are three temples in the city of Toledo.
Thursday, September 19, 2019
Othello’s Evil Character Essay -- Othello essays
Othello’s Evil Character      William Shakespeare’s Othello gives the audience a full measure or dose of evil, mostly in the person of the sinister Iago, whose evil influence penetrates the lives of the victims around him.  In The Riverside Shakespeare Frank Kermode explains the type of evil peculiar to the ancient:  Over the ancient figure of the Vice – a familiar shape for abstract evil – Iago wears the garb of a modern devil. Iago’s naturalist ethic, as expounded to Roderigo at the close of Act I, is a wicked man’s version of Montaigne, an instance of the way in which men convert to evil the precepts of a common sense supported by no act of faith. (1200)  Even the imagery in the drama has its evil aspect. Kenneth Muir, in the Introduction to William Shakespeare: Othello, explains the instances of diabolic imagery in the play as they relate to the infecting of the Moor by the ancient:  The same transference from Iago to Othello may be observed in what S. L. Bethell called diabolic imagery. He estimated that of the 64 images relating to hell and damnation – many of them are allusions rather than strict images – Iago has 18 and Othello 26. But 14 of Iago’s are used in the first two Acts, and 25 of Othello's in the last three. The theme of hell originates with Iago and is transferred to Othello only when Iago has succeeded in infecting the Moor with his jealousy. (22)  In his book of literary criticism, Shakespearean Tragedy, A. C. Bradley gives an in-depth analysis of the brand of evil which the ancient personifies:  Iago stands supreme among Shakespeare’s evil characters because the greatest intensity and subtlety of imagination have gone to his making, and because ... ...enneth. Introduction. William Shakespeare: Othello. New York: Penguin Books, 1968.  Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.  Wayne, Valerie. â€Å"Historical Differences: Misogyny and Othello.†The Matter of Difference: Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1991.  Wilson, H. S. On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy. Canada: University of Toronto Press, 1957.  Wright, Louis B. and Virginia A. LaMar. â€Å"The Engaging Qualities of Othello.†Readings on The Tragedies. Ed. Clarice Swisher. San Diego: Greenhaven Press, 1996. Reprint from Introduction to The Tragedy of Othello, the Moor of Venice by William Shakespeare. N. p.: Simon and Schuster, Inc., 1957.
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