The History of Tattoos in the USA Research Paper

The History of Tattoos in the USA - interrogation Paper ExampleIn the Jesuit Relations of 1663, it was reported that an Iroquois chief known to the French as Nero bore on this thighs 60 tattooed characters, each of which symbolized an enemy killed with his own hand. Captain James ca-ca made a voyage to Tahitia in 1769 where he noticed that the local people were skilled in making their skins. The indigenous people printed symbols on their bodies and tattooing was established as a field of art. The American sailors in the early nineteenth century played a fundamental role in the evolvement of tattooing in the USA. In the ancient America, tattoos were associated with the sailors that used to learn the art of tattooing from their seagoing brethren of the British origin. Sailors in the past used to take hold faith in the power of tattoos. Sailors would carve their skin to display patterns that they believed had the power to protect them on their sea voyages, pay homage to sailing trad itions and the fraternity of seafarers, memorialize loved ones, and showcase mementos of significant experiences and exotic locales ( fur and bones). Pricking was the term used for the log of the seamen. People began to open their shops near the ports of the ships in decree to provide the sailors with access to the tattoos. The designs of tattoos were inspired by the sea-life. There were tattoos of mermaids, anchors and numerous other objects like crosses and hearts. Sailor Jerry collins is placed amongst the pioneers of the traditional tattooing practice in the USA. He wanted to bring a revolution in the Western style. According to him, the indigenous

International Market Comparison Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

international Market Comparison - Assignment ExampleUniliver allows for innovations from all over the world since they have a come to for ensuring this in their site (Isobel, 2008). Annual accounting reports of the company is also available nestle, on the other hand, gives an one-year report in three minutes. Thus, investor is able to analyse these and clear up decisions. Nestle gives information about investment opportunities in different regions, in their company. Uniliver provides company news. Nestle, on the other hand, gives press releases that inform investors of the continuing events in the company (Philip, 2008). Nestle gives pictures of the products that they deal in. On the other hand, unilever gives a list of their brands. Both of them achieve the think purpose by this provision. Nestle provides for a sign in while Uniliver does not. Thus, nestle can deem and collect data concerning the interested parties easily (frank, 2005).From the above- alter elements in the we bsites of both companies, it can be noted that the companies make efforts in globalising their products to the international markets. This has been enhanced by providing information to investors who may take charge in scope up new lines in their products (David, 2008). Information concerning their products is also available in the website in a varied way. This makes the customers aware of the information they may need concerning the products and

Managing Multinational Operations Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Managing Multinational Operations - Assignment ExampleAccording to the New exotic Trade Law amended in April 2004, import goods and technologies are divided into four categories, namely disallow imports, restricted imports, free imports, and goods under tariff-rate quota management (Hong Kong Trade teaching Council).The exports are restricted for resources that are in short supply in China. The orthogonal currency rules allow first steps to either sell their outside exchanges to genuine banks or open current foreign currency accounts to keep their foreign exchange.Foreign-invested enterprises (FIEs) and foreign enterprises have to settle income tax on their income derived from production, business operations and other sources within the territory of China (Hong Kong Trade Development Council).Income tax on foreign enterprises is levied on an annual basis and paid in advance in quarterly installment (Hong Kong Trade Development Council). The foreign enterprises in preferred se ctors are subject to turn away income tax rate of 15%.A foreign enterprise can open a foreign exchange settlement account through one of the banks and can use this fund to make orthogonal payments, whenever required. In case additional funds are required, this can be purchased from the bank. A foreign enterprise can also open a foreign exchange capital fund account. Chinese administration also allows the foreign enterprises to remit their profits, dividends and bonuses outside the country.ChineseFinancial and accounting systemChinese government requires all companies, including the foreign enterprises to comply with Financial Principles for Enterprises (Hong Kong Trade Development Council). These rules provide guidance to enterprises to develop their financial statements.Intellectual airplane propeller RightsChina provides various(a) ways to foreign invested enterprises to ensure that their intellectual property is adequately protected. These include various laws and regulation s and patent and trademark registration facilities to the foreign investors.Sources of FundsThe minimum capital requirement for limited obligation company is Rmb30,000 and for joint stock limited companies, it is Rmb5 million. The rules

Choosing successful industry in Saudi Arabia Assignment

Choosing no-hit industry in Saudi Arabia - Assignment ExampleThe equipments extracted petroleum color from within Saudi Arabias territory. Consequently, the Saudi Government hired employees from the other countries. The Saudi government targeted employees from countries plagued with high unemployment rates. The countries embarrass India, and other Asian countries. As expected, huge groups of job applicants flocked into Saudi Arabia to get high paying petroleum industry jobs (Kane 2).Employees of the petroleum companies get laid comfortable working conditions in Saudi Arabia. Saudi Arabias labor law term 146 and article 147 clearly requires the employer to exert extra efforts to comply with the benefits prescribed in the Saudi Arable labor law. The benefits include housing, camping, suitable healthcare facilities, and free meals. The instills are set up in order to fill the school needs of the petroleum workers and the school needs of the children. Saudi Arabia hires laborers t o extract and export the Saudi Petroleum products. The embrocate field employees include low skilled oil labors. In addition, the Saudi Government hires engineers who will encounter smooth oil production (Kane 14).Knowledge resources. Saudi Arabia hired the expertise of engineers from other countries to help come across smooth petroleum productions. With the expertise of the Saudi ARAMCO engineers and other labor employees, Saudi ARAMCO continues to successfully extract petroleum from within Saudi Arabias borders. Similarly, the expertise of the Saudi ARAMCO engineers and experienced petroleum employees contributed to the successful export of the terra firmas petroleum products to other countries (Wynbrandt 200).Saudi Arabia hired the petroleum research knowledge expertise of the get together States firm, Standard Oil Company of California (SOCAL) to find petroleum. Consequently, the hired American company discovered oil in Saudi Arabia in 1932 in Bahrain. An entity, Iraq Petro leum Company, was formed that included

Reflective paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reflective paper - Essay ExampleSimilarly, developments in the fields of Humanist theories, Learning theories, Cognitive theories, and behavioral theories have also opened new horizons of knowledge for the psychologists in dealing with their clients. This paper reflects on the major human development theories and analyses how far they have contributed in identifying and resolving the mental, Psychological, behavioral and physical problems of clients.To begin with, one can never undermine the contributions do by the Psycho Analytic theorists in understanding human development and problems associated with the developmental stages of clients. G. Stanley house, who tried to make a detailed study on Darwins evolutionary theory attempting to correlate childhood with previous ages of mankind, made his greatest achievement in his child centered research. His seminal book The contents of childrens minds, published in 1883, tried to resolve the history and the means of progress of mankind by the findings of what children know and when they distinguish it. Hall also accepted Sigmund Freuds sexuality theory and believed that the sexualized energies of boys have to be promoted, channeled and managed. He is know as the father of adolescence. Though his work has been considered outdated his ideas are still applicable in education, reconnoitre and team sports. (G. Stanley Hall (1844-1924)). Similarly, psychologists draw conclusions from Halls theories have which facilitated in identifying adolescent problems and in treating them. Halls theories are widely applied in the field of special education and they have proven to be highly beneficial in offering individualized services for adolescents in grades 6-12 who have undergo depression, withdrawal, low self-esteem, socialization problems, learning disabilities, post traumatic stress disorder, or self-injurious behaviors (G. Stanley Hall School).The term psycho analytic theory is originated with study of the great psychol ogist

Effects of the First Opium War on Foreign Relationship in Qing Dynasty Essay

Effects of the First Opium War on Foreign Relationship in Qing Dynasty China - Essay ExampleThe paper tells that before the first opium war, China had thrived economically and was looking forwards to an horizontal better future. China was isolationist in constitution and did not employment with foreign countries. This nature of China hence could not to fulfill Englands desire of trade with them. However, England looked for trade goods that would appeal to the Chinese, and so started exporting opium to China. However, China got into a conflict with England over opium trade, as they wished England to stop opium exportation to China referable to its negative influence opium had in China. The British did not comply and this led to the first opium war betwixt China and Britain. The first opium war had negative effect on Anglo-Chinese relationship in regard to the treaties gestural afterwards, which favored the British and not the Chinese, and led to seceding of Chinas Hong Kong isl and to the United Kingdom, hence leaving the Qing Dynasty in disgrace. As Melancon notes, this first opium war was responsible for the changes in Anglo-Chinese relationship experienced after the war and even today. The British benefited more from this war, as opposed to the Chinese. England had thought that opium was the most appropriate tool for balancing the trade deficit between them and China. The authorities in China later objected to opium trade, but this did not stop England. The chief(prenominal) event which aggravated the first opium war was when in 1839, Lin Zexu, the Canton governor, destroyed opium amounting to 20,283 chests after forcing the British merchants to surrender it, at Canton port. Later, British sailors murdered a Chinese citizen, hence building up tenseness between these two countries. The Queen then commanded British troops to take over Hong Kong. The first skirmish between the Chinese and British troops happened while the Chinese tried to prevent the B ritish make up entering Hong Kong. The British troops conquered the Chinese, killing many of them, and took over Shanghai, Guangdong, Chinese forts, as well as parts of the Canton city. This forced the Qing Dynasty to surrender to the British and the end of this war was concluded by signing the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842 (Perdue 29). By signing the treaty of Nanjing, the Chinese lost many rights of their sovereign state. In this treaty, the British were accorded five Chinese port cities, including all the trading rights. This led to the end of the Imperial monopolisation of all foreign trade. The opening of foreign ships and the ports of Amoy, Canton, Fuzhou, Shanghai, and Ningbo opened China to foreign trade, thus ending their isolationist principles. In this treaty, China was also forced to hand over the Island of Hong Kong to the British for on a 99 years lease, which ended in 1997. This treaty also made china pay the British for the losings incurred during the war. China paid 6 billion for the opium they destroyed, 12 million to cater for the cost of the war, and 3 million to the British merchants to cover the debts they owed them. All this amounted to 21 million, payable to the British in silver. This weakened Chinas economy, considering the losses they had already suffered during the war (Carroll 9). One of the conditions in the Nanjing Treaty was that the laws of their countries and not the laws of China would design the foreigners in China. This was exploitative to China and denied use of its rule of law over all the inhabitants in the country. The Nanjing treaty therefore left the Chinese helpless and overruled by the British and other foreigners. This treaty robbed the Chinese of their independence and in the end led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty. China was now dominated by foreign states, and this destroyed the legitimate rule of a central government in China. For instance, even after the war, opium was still considered illegal by the Chi nese authorities, however, the British continued with this trade in China, yet China could take no action to

Investment and Portfolio Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Investment and Portfolio focusing - Essay ExampleThe political turmoil in Libya is nonpargonil of the most crucial among them. Asian marts were one of the most answering ones in the year 2010. The political unrest in Libya has casted a significant push on the performance of Asian markets. Asian currencies completed a weekly decline, led by the mainland China dollar and South Koreas won, as an uprising in Libya pushed up oil prices and sapped demand for emerging-market assets. (Teso, 2011) imputable to the serious political unrest in Libya rude(a) oil climbed at a higher set up to $103.41 a barrel. This lead to fall of many Asian stocks as investors withdrew much higher than before. The situation wedged the currency market more than the stocks. It is very much evident that crude oil prices are one of the most important elements of market movement. Many developing nations market, especially in Asia is highly depended on the crude oil prices. Therefore, the future of Libya crisis is one of the most important concerns for investors across the world. Environmental issues One of the greatest environmental factors that had affected the market recently is the earthquake in Japan. The fact that Japan is the worlds trio largest economy pass on make the impact even worse. The most direct impact is likely to be seen in Japanese exporters, like Honda, Toyota and Sony, whose production facilities will face disruption in the coming days. (Schlesinger, 2011) by from the impact on major Japanese Automakers, the earthquake will impact the liquidity of many amends companies. All largest insurance companies in Japan will be impacted heavily as they will now incur to fund the insurers. As Japan is one of the largest economies in the world, big companies from across the world... This canvas stresses that based on the analysis the above tether are some of the alternative strategies for Philip chapiter. All the three portfolios have their own unique nature. The first st rategy is moderate as it has equal distribution of fairness and other instruments. The second strategy is aggressive in which the percentage of equity is higher. The third strategy is generally aimed at risk reduction. On a growth perspective, alternatives 1 and 2 are the best for Philip Capital. Philip Capital should still make a decision about where they should make and active investment and where they should make a passive investment. Generally speaking a passive strategy is useful when the broader market is expected to perform well compared to performance of individual stocks or sectors.The report has given a deep insight into the flow issues in investment environment. Investment environment will always be prone to some challenges. The winners are those who come out of such challenges successfully. In terms of Philip Capital, the challenge is a volatile and unpredictable market situation. Based on the analysis of the market conditions, Philip Capital can adopt the both strate gies that are mentioned in the previous section. The existing portfolio of Philip Capital has more than 50% of exposure towards UK equities and debts. This percentage is reduced in the two recommended portfolios because the UK market is not expected to perform well in 2011. Philip Capital will thus have a better return on investment from the new portfolio.

Technology gets better over time Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Technology gets better over time - set about ExampleAccording to Langdon Winner (2001) in his essay Whatever happened to the electronic cottage?, he has describe the illusionary concept drawn by Alvin Toffler in his book, The Third Wave (1980) that engineering science would help the mickle to become more closer they would develop more friendly bonding among them which would give rise to greater community stability along with an increase in the establishment of voluntary organizations supporting contrastive groups in a society. His vision of an ideal society established on the basis of advancement of technology suggests that there would be less stress and more leisure in the lives of masses with an increased focus on the expansion of values and morality within the neighborly structure. The vision drawn by Alvin Toffler came to reality besides with bitter results. ... It is important to understand that how these technological inter flirtions have influenced individuals and the groups in a society, at large. The emergence of social networking sites have become a major medium for communication for a large number of people all around the globe. The use of such social networking sites can have positive as healthful as the negative consequences on the lives of people which depend on how they atomic number 18 using it. In a society where people are geographically separated and one tries to keep in touch with his family and friends, technology has facilitated them in maintaining their relations even in the farthest corners of the world. For a person, it has become just a subject field of time to re-connect with his long-lost companion through a social networking site. However, with the benefits and positive aspects related with the use of social networking sites we cannot dismiss the negative consequences and risk associated with the use of social networking sites and increased virtual communications. Different people have different influences of such websi tes. This issue can be explained with an example of a man who displays all the events of his day on a play card and stands holding them on a public place. Due to this particular act of his display, he draws the attention and reaction of known and unknown people towards the internal affairs of his life fully grown an opportunity to comment on his personal life and affairs. The vast extend of all kinds of comments and remarks on social media plays a negative role in the users life regardless whether the comments or remarks are true or not their results are devastating in many peoples lives. According to

Information Governance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Information Governance - Essay ExampleInformation oversight deals with the formation, preservation as well as the outlook of information. A companys records can either be in form of a substantial, tangible item or digital data such(prenominal) as application data, e-mail and database. Historically, the lifecycle of a piece of information was considered to be from the point it was created up until the clip of its disposal. However, in the past few decades, formation of data has escalated as much as the issues associated with its regulations and acquiescence, rendering the traditional method of records keeping unable to keep up with the pace. Consequently, the need for a more inclusive computer programme for organizing data and records became apparent so as to tackle every stage involved the information lifecycle (Hovenga & Grain, 2013). Therefore, the publication of Information Governance was as a result of a failed traditional method of record forethought and the need for a bet ter way of keeping information. Many forms of information governance have been introduced and embraced by many organizations, internationally, as they have proven to be more efficient and effective than traditional methods. For example, in 2003, Englands Department of wellness launched the model of wide based information governance into the National Health Service (NHS). In addition, it distributed version 1 of an online performance evaluation tool alongside a financial backing guidance. Currently, the National Health Service Information Governance Toolkit is used by over 30 000 NHS and associated organizations, backed-up by an e-learning platform that has over 650 000 users. Another example is the Generally Accepted Recordkeeping Principles (The Principles), introduced in 2008 by ARMA International. The Principles is meant to recognize the vital features of information governance, and therefore, apply to any

Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hyperinflation in Zimbabwe - Essay ExampleTwo major events precipitated inflation in Zimbabwe and that is, involvement in Congo civil war in 1998 and the land expropriation of 2000. The Zimbabwe political science entered into war on the side of Zaires potentate Laurent Kabila without having budgeted for the war, without any reserves for the war or any arrangements to raise the funds. The land expropriation program of 2000 saw the brass forceful take 4,500 farms from white settlers and give it to war veterans and politicians (Coomer and Gstraunthaler 312). This led to reduction in foreign enthronement from 400 million US dollars in 1998 to a mere 30 million in 2007. The productivity of the land was also reduced by half between 2000 and 2007. This government policies also led to double-dealing of sanctions by the IMF, US, UK and EU. The government in order to win public confidence provided initiatives such as procure of farm inputs for the farmers who had been given land. The fa rmers also used the land as securities for securing loans. This unforeseen expenditure compounded with the quatern year expenditure in Congo war led the Reserve entrust of Zimbabwe to adopt inflationary policies such as printing more money and employing more staff. This led to devaluation of the Zimbabwean dollar and the fundamental bank responded by printing more money and even increasing the face value. This is the origin of hyperinflation in Zimbabwe. By March 2007 the inflation rate in Zimbabwe was 2,200% while by October 2008 it rose to 3,840,000,000,000,000,000% (Noko 347).Hyperinflation led to have of value of the Zimbabwe dollar. Wealth was lost within months as millionaires were no greater wealthy. The prices of commodities went up leading the government to regulate the same. (Federal Reserve Bank of D all(prenominal)as 11). This led producers to opt for other markets which led to an acute shortage of unlike products. The industries were dissolved, unemployment was at the highest level, poverty escalated and some citizens fled to other countries. The next section gives methods through which this hyperinflation could be solved. Solutions to Zimbabwes Hyperinflation Hyperinflation was brought approximately by the practices of Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe. Replacing the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe is a sure way of finale hyperinflation (Hanke1 23). Some countries such as Angola have contained their high inflation rates without replacing their central bank through change of policy. The question is why could this be implemented in Zimbabwe? This could not be take in Zimbabwe because from historical perspective policy change has never checked inflation in Zimbabwe. Moreover, all over the world hyperinflation has been linked to the issue of currency by the central bank or the concerned countrys treasury. Central banks can easily end inflation as they fuel them. wiz of the sure ways is to stop the printing of currency. This solution reduces money in circu lation and contains hyperinflation, but it is a long process because it takes time for the central bank to regain its lost credibility. During this time interest rates on loans normally escalate and it is very difficult to get a long term loan because there is less money in circula

In what way does the Aeneid fulfill its aim to provide the Romans with Essay

In what way does the Aeneid fulfill its aim to provide the Romans with a national epic - study ExampleIt shall be argued that, far from being a strictly literary work, Aeneid was an integral part of Augustan project of rebuilding Roman national identity, with apparent focus going from Republican virtues to the notion of master predestination of Romans to rule the world and to the idea of divine mission of Julian dynasty as heirs to Aeneas. In this work, I will use three main sources. The first one, Epic and empire Politics and generic framing from Virgil to Milton, is a book by Quint (1993) that examines the influences of epic poems on state ideologies. Focusing on Aeneid, in particular, Quint (1993) observes that it was used to enshrine the autocratic rule of Julio-Claudian emperors, starting from Caesar Augustus himself, and that the political character of Aeneid signified the last-place politicization of heroic epics that began with Alexanders appropriation of image of Achille s (Quint, 1993, p. 8). The second source, Virgils gaze Nation and poetry in the Aeneid, authored by Reed (2007), explores Aeneid from the standpoint of its character as a form of Roman foundational myth, itself appropriated from Hellenistic culture.

Deploying military values in the classroom to promote the goals and Dissertation

Deploying military values in the associationroom to go on the goals and fidelity of the TTT platform - Dissertation ExampleThe military personnel get stipends or bonuses and agree in return to teach for three years in public schools. forces personnel who have a college degree be eligible to begin the process of getting the teaching certification so as to become an academic subject teacher. The paper will look at how deploying military values in the classroom help in promoting the goals and fidelity of the TTT program. The teacher shortage has continued to grow and school districts argon increasingly turning to TTT to overcome the shortage Bank, (2007). The realization is that School districts that hire one military veteran through TTT most of the time always come back looking for more(prenominal) similar TTT teachers The Military veterans working as the TTT teachers have established a news report as excellent teachers and exemplary subroutine models for todays students. The breadth of visit, dedication, leadership skills, maturity and commitment that former marines, sailors, soldiers and airmen bring to the classroom are attributes sought by public school administrators and parents Bank, (2007). This has led the TTT teachers to build a very good reputation to both administrators and principals in schools where they serve. The TTT programme headquarters office sent out recently a eyeshot to 1,000 principals regarding the teachers who have come from the program. There were more than 800 replies from the survey. 17 percent from the survey received an average for performance, and more than 75 percent scored above average and higher. This shows how the school systems are finding former military members to be very valuable assets. They bring leadership skills, something they practiced with their troops. Bringing a lot of leadership experience to the classroom which is helpful to the students. The cultural diversity experience the former military personnel bring to the class room is of great importance. It comes as an added bonus which the program is providing the students who also come from various backgrounds. What comes with this is a tough male presence which schools are looking for. This is particular eventful due to the fact most of the pitiful income schools have students with no male presence in their lives. The TTT program provides a stronger presence of male and nonage teachers at the elementary level. In a study carried out in Florida, 6,500 students took part in the study. Their rendering and mathematics performance was checked after being taught by the TTT teachers. Results from the study indicated that students taught by the TTT teachers performed equally thoroughly in reading and also achieved a marginal significant advantage in mathematics. The study cerebrate on the issues such as accountability and achievement which are key values in the military. Clodfelter, Ladd, Vigdor, and Diaz (2004) honor that school bas ed accountability has become a problematic problem in recent year. This in return has led to poor performing among students making it difficult to attract high quality teachers. The TTT program has now made that possible. The fact that the TTT teachers, demonstrate the willingness to work in those particular settings has ensured success of the programme. Teacher persona and Student Achievement Educational research found out that there is a correlation between the quality of the classroom teacher affects the outcome of students learning. The study continues to say that the teacher quality is the most important school factor in predicting

Discuss the barriers faced by firms wishing to enter an oligopolistic Essay

Discuss the barriers faced by firms regard to enter an oligopolistic market structure - Essay ExampleTherefore, sellers in the oligopoly atomic number 18 constantly aware of challenger actions and respond accordingly in order to discloseperform the small volume of competition existing in the market structure. Oligopolists regularly take into consideration the strategic responses of competition, attempting to model the close likely retaliation of strategic market participants in order to maintain competitive edge. Even though competition is intense among the market players, there is excessively considerable influence in the oligopoly to prevent new competitors from entering the market. The most common barriers for new market entry include pricing, product differentiation and consumer switching costs, as tumefy as intellectual property and patent laws. An explanation of barriers Firms operating in an oligopolistic market structure substantiate often achieved economies of ma ster, which are the specific cost advantages achieved by a firm due to its size and orbit of operations in which the cost of outputs continues to decrease whilst fixed costs are able to spread all over a higher volume of unit outputs (Gelles and Mitchell 1996). This is achieved through better operational efficiency and productivity that also improves variable costs along the production model. Over time, as the oligopolist achieves profit maximisation, the business is able to humiliated the cost of capital, especially as it pertains to asset procurement, thereby increasing production output whilst experiencing better cost efficiency. Economies of scale that have been achieved through continuous operation and success in sales in a market create barriers to new entrants, especially as it pertains to pricing. Businesses in the oligopoly are able to create predaceous pricing structures in an effort to undercut emerging competition attempting to enter the market. Because the business competitor has achieved economies of scale and winced the costs of capital, they are often equipped with the operational capacity to increase production without having to bring significant costs in this manufacturing effort. One should consider the beer industry, one that is currently dominated by major players such as Anheuser-Busch and MillerCoors which account for approximately 80 percent of the total market share in the international beer industry (New York Times 2009). If either of these oligopolists is aware that a new competitor is attempting to enter the market, hence providing competitive threat, these manufacturers are able to lower the prices of their selected products and sustain these low prices even though it would, in the short-term, reduce their quarterly profit expectations. New entrants, however, would have to invest considerable capital into the systems required to produce the product, reel the product and market it. Oftentimes, the new competitor must establ ish brand recognition (a costly trade objective) that requires, oftentimes, years of dedicated promotion in marketing simply to get consumers interested in the deglutition brand. Major players such as Anheuser-Busch can theoretically cut their prices by 50% on products that are homogenous in relation to the production output of the new competitor. Sustaining these prices in an effort to drive out the new competitor is relatively simplistic when economies of scale have been achieved. Why is this so important in determining barriers to new market entry in the oligopolistic market structure? The law of demand indicates that as a price decreases, consumer demand increases when all other factors remain stable (Boyes and Melvin 2007). Therefore, market characteristics

Unit 5 discussion board Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Unit 5 discussion board - Essay ExampleIn cc2, 70% of the notebook PCs change were offered with a rebate and the concept forgatherms simple enough (McGinn, 2003). Buy a $ gm notebook and save $200 after filling in the required paperwork, sending it into a troika party processing center, and waiting the required number of weeks for your check to arrive. This is a great deal for the maker as they have sold you a PC that was on sale for $800 and then asked you to loan them $200 for a couple of months. No interest is offered, and there is a risk that you may n incessantly tally your money. Manufacturers rely on human nature to misplace the paperwork, send it in incomplete, or forget it ever existed. For the people that do get the rebate, they merely break even. The sellers have increased cash flow and sold a number of their products at $200 above market value. These practices are as deceptive as a carnival shell game and could have a negative effect on a companys reputationWhether a consumer get out even apply for the rebate is largely determined by the get along being offered. While cosmetics that offer $1 back may go discarded, more expensive items will naturally get a better response. However, even on high-dollar electronics the rates can be surprisingly low. Timothy Silk, a University of Florida researcher, found, ...repurchase rates, even on larger-ticket purchases such as computers and televisions, are well below 50 percent (Keen, 2004). Networking accessories manufacturer Asante Technologies sees an even lower response rate. Jim Hsia, vice president of marketing says, the typical redemption rate for his companys products hovers between 2 and 15 percent (Millard, 2003). Most people will never see a rebate.In new car sales, rebates can work against the automakers intentions. A consumer electronics rebate can be used to attract attention to an item and create store traffic. However, on an expensive purchase such as a new car, the customer sees the reba te as part

Islam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Islam - Essay ExampleBefore the Prophet Mohammad was sent by Allah as the experience messenger, the 7th century in Mecca comprised of tribal nomadic Arab people who lived in deserts, in tents or in mud/sand houses. They were socially related to each tribe as in blood dealings and they were divided in small families called clans. Politically, the Arabs in the 7th century has no proper written laws, they on the dot use to choose a sheikh through consensus and then they utilize to accept all the decisions their Sheikh made for them and they strictly had to follow the customs and traditions of their tribes1. Their religion during those days was Polo theism as they were somewhere in their minds aware(predicate) of the existence of Allah but they had deviated from the right path and were creating deities with Allah. Quran refers to them as Jahilyah Arab2.The concept of Polo theism during the 7th century was that the Arab nomads mind that the deities they had created had some kind of a link between them and the Allah they had lost. The deities they had created were substances like rain, fire, trees and so on. These Arabs thought that rain and trees brought about(predicate) farming and agricultural surplus for them they were their Gods as these substances had very strong/powerful benefits for them3.At this time, the Prophet Mohammad (P.B.U.H) was withal in Mecca and he was greatly worried about the social moral order of the Arabs and he used to meditate and contemplate in the Cave Hira about the social and political issues. He also worked for the refurbishment of justice in the society. During this time, that is, the 610 A.D. the Prophet (P.B.U.H) had just turned 40 years old and Allah sent him the setoff revealing through Angel Gabriel, which asked the Prophet to read in the Name of Allah. Then the Second revelation was received, Surah Al-Ikhlas, which brought guidance towards social reforms in Arabia. It stated that the social moral order should be based on Allahs laws and not

Window display Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Window display - Essay ExampleChanel saw this as expectant opportunity to become independent as she started making hats she had designed and selling them to the mistresses (IaroccI, 2013. P.45). Through the financial encourage of Arthur Capel she got her first millinery shop in Paris however, this limited her to only selling millinery goods and non couture due to the location of the shop. In 1913, the Chanel shops in Deauville and Biarritz, which were couture shops offered for sale the Pret-a-porter sports garments for women. These practical designs allowed the women to play sports.The First record book War affected the European fashion industry greatly in 1914-1918, due to the mobilization of women and scarcity of materials. However, this did not stop Chanel as she created clothes from jersey and some of her designs were derived from military uniforms, as they were made preponderating by the war (Bott, 2007, P. 40). Where by 1915 the clothes that were made by Chanel were known across France. In 1917, the harper Bazaar magazine indicated that the clothes from the House of Chanel were on every individuals buyer list. This meant that the clothes had become famous and his territories expanding in relation to the sale of the clothes. In the same year, the Chanel Dress shop at 31 rue Cambon created a daywear dress and coat bands of simple designs, tulle-fabric dresses that were decorated with jet and black change surface dresses trimmed with lace, as well as, a minor gemstone material.By 1920, she created designed that she catered for women with taste and refinement in dress, with trousers and dresses and blouses and suits, as well as, jewellery. The designs created by Chanel replaced the over-designed, opulent and constrictive accessories and clothes that were found in the 19th-century fashion. In the 1920s, Chanel made simple-line designs that were made popular by the flat-chested

Transformational Leadership Essay Example for Free

Transformational lead EssayIn any endeavor, a leader is necessary for it to be successful. One would ask why? Is something doomed to failure if its instigated, implemented with come in a leader? sunniness Tzu saidThe art of war is of vital importance to the State. It is a depicted object of life and death, a highroad either to safety or to ruin. Hence it is a subject of inquiry which can on no account be neglected (Giles).I would like to make a comparison here. Any process is a war a war among success and failure. Even the simplest task of reading is a war understanding vs. misunderstanding or enjoyable vs. boring. Let me just add that Sun Tzu tho stated thatThe art of war, then, is governed by five constant factors, to be taken into account in mavens deliberations, when seeking to determine the conditions obtaining in the field. These areThe Moral LawHeavenEarthThe commanderMethod and discipline.The Commander stands for the virtues of wisdom, sincerely, benevolence, courage and strictness. (Giles).So how important Sun Tzus Commander is in the route of things? Jack Welch, former CEO of General Electric, was report to have issued a three-word dictumDont manage Lead So when does one be classified as a manager? As a leader? Whats the difference?Whereas a manager is someone who works with and through otherwise deal by coordinating their work activities in order to accomplish nerveal goals, leading is someways more complex. It is the process wherein an individual member of a aggroup or organization influences the interpretation of events, the natural selection of objectives, the maintenance of cooperative relationships, the development of skills and confidence by members, and the enlistment of support and cooperation from batch outside the group or organization (Yukl 2002, p. 5). Henceforth, lead is influencing other people to realize or actualize the vision an organization must take in order to stay ahead and the leader is the one who is ahead of the pact.In the years of analyzeing leading, several leadership way of lifes emerged. Literatures discussed and analyzed situational leadership, participative leadership, charismatic leadership, and transformational leadership among others.Transformational Leadership Review of colligate LiteratureNigel Nicholson talked about the transformational leadership in one of his articles. In the beginning of one of his article, How to strike Your hassle People, he said that everyone knows that good managers motivate with the power of their vision, the passion of their delivery, and the compelling logic of their reasoning (2003, p. 57). However, he did say that this is a great image and that only remains as main fare of expansive leadership books (Nicholson, p. 57).Tracey and Hinkin undertook a interrogation on whether transformational leadership exists or it is just effective managerial practices (1998). To psychometric test their hypothesis, Tracey and Hinkin conducted t he study by comparing the transformational leadership scales from Bass and Avolios Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire with four scales from Yukls Managerial Practices Survey (1998). The results provided merge support for the distinctiveness of the MLQ.Does this mean then that there is no such thing as a transformational leader? I dont think so. I believe that Gandhi was one, Mother Theresa was one, and even Hitler was one. So what is this transformational leadership theory? Furthermore, Sosik and Megerian found out that the transformational leadership deportment and managerial performance are agree in several circumstances (1991). Transformational leadership was first formulated by Burns from his descriptive research on political leaders (Yukl 2002, p. 324). It is defined in terms of the transformational leaders effect on followers they feel trust, admiration, loyalty, and value toward the leader, and they are motivated to do more than they originally expected to do (Yukl 2002 , p. 325).The transformational leadership theory assumes that people pull up stakes follow a mortal who inspires them. It also assumes that a person with vision and passion can achieve great things and that the way to get things done is by injecting devotion and energy. Given that a transformational leader seeks overtly to transform the organization, there is also a tacit call to followers that they also will be transformed in some way, perhaps to be more like this amazing leader. In some respects, then, the followers are the product of the transformation.But then as Nicholson implied, one of the traps of Transformational Leadership is that passion and confidence can easily be mistaken for truth and reality. mend it is true that great things have been achieved through en olibanumiastic leadership, it is also true that many passionate people have led the charge right over the cliff and into a bottomless chasm. Paradoxically, the energy that gets people going can also cause them to give up. Transformational Leaders often have large amounts of transport which, if relentlessly applied, can wear out their followers.Chen studied the impact of sex activity on transformational leadership (2001). His research study supported his hypothesis that gender truly affects transformational leadership due to the differing qualities possessed by each gender (Chen 2001). Because women leaders possess qualities more in line with transformational leadership and are thus more transformational than their virile counterparts (Chen 2001). A similar study was made by Schyns and Sanders.The study was focused on the gender differences in the relationship between transformational leadership and leaders occupational self-efficacy, and aimed to explain how female and male leaders develop their self-efficacy (Schyns Sanders 2005). Unlike the Chen study, Schyns and Sanders study found no significant relationship between self-rated transformational leadership and occupational self-effi cacy for women, although they did find a positive relationship for men. No interaction effect with respect to leaders occupational self-efficacy could be found between leaders gender and follower-rated transformational leadership (2005).The effectiveness of the transformational leadership had been studied non only in the business sector, barely also in the arts. Boerner and von Streit investigated the degree to which the conductors transformational leadership style and a cooperative climate in the orchestra favorably affect the orchestras artistic quality by surveying several musicians from 22 professional German symphony orchestras (2005).Specifically, the authors studied the assertion that the conductors transformational leadership style promotes the orchestras artistic quality only if there is a cooperative climate in the orchestra (Boerner von Streit 2005). Whereas Krishnan studied the effect of leader-member exchange, transformational leadership, and perceived value system congruence between leader and follower on followers sestet upward influence strategies assertiveness, bargaining, coalition, friendliness, higher authority, and reasoning by using a sample of 281 managers working in various organizations in India (2004).Majority of the researches done on transformational leadership focused on the effectiveness of transformational leadership, but Felfe ad Schyns pointed out that a little is kn feature about similarity in the leadership behavior of leader and supervisor, and how this affects the outcomes of leadership (2004), and both collaborated to correct this oversight. In their study, 213 supervisors from two public administration offices were asked to rate their hold leadership behavior as well as their leaders behavior.Felfe and Schyns then examined the relationship between own self-rated transformational leadership and perceived transformational leadership of the direct superior, and analyzed the relationship between perceived similarity be tween subordinate and supervisor in transformational leadership and leadership specific outcomes (extra effort, efficiency, and satisfaction with the leader), as well as organizational outcomes (commitment, overall satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, achievement orientation, stress, and irritability) (2004).The researches on transformational leadership were conducted in several ways criticism of existing literatures, interviews, and surveys. Sosik, however, conducted a laboratory experiment to evaluate the effects of high and low level of transformational leadership style and anonymity (1997). He included 36 undergraduate student work groups, and used a Group Decision Support System to perform an idea generation task (Sosik 1997). Sosik found out that groups working under high transformational leadership generated more original solutions, supportive remarks, solution clarifications and questions about solutions and reported higher levels of perceived performance, ext ra effort and satisfaction with the leader than groups working under low transformational leadership (1997).Undoubtedly, the effectiveness of a transformational leader doesnt depend solely on that leader no matter how good a leader is that leaders success will always depend, in part, on the followers. Walumbwa, Lawler, Avolio, Wang and Shi studied how a transformational leaders effectiveness is affected by followers work-related attitude (2005). What is fire with this study is Walumbwa, Lawler, Avolio, Wang and Shi collected their data from three countries China, India and United States. But, then, what makes up a transformational leadership exactly?Hoffman and rime examine the impact of emotional, genial, and cognitive acquaintances on the dimensions of transformational leadership using both paper-and-pencil measures and assessment center dimensions (2006). The study found out that there are significant relationships between cognitive intelligence components and intellectual st imulation, social intelligence components and charisma, and emotional intelligence components and individualized consideration (Hoffman Frost 2006).Finally, Transformational Leaders, by definition, seek to transform. When the organization does not need transforming and people are happy as they are, then such a leader will be frustrated. Like wartime leaders, however, given the right situation they come into their own and can be in person responsible for saving entire wars.ReferencesChen, C. (2001). Androgyny and transformational leadership Effects of gender and sex-role identity in the socialistic context of Taiwan, R.O.C. University of Southern California.Felfe, J. Schyns, B. (2004). Is Similarity in Leadership Related to Organizational Outcomes? The Case of Transformational Leadership. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 10 (4), 92-103.Giles, L. (translator). Sun Tzu The Art of War.Hoffman, B. Frost, B. (2006). Multiple intelligences of transformational leaders an e mpirical examination. International Journal of Manpower, 27 (1), 37.Krishnan, V. (2004). Impact of transformational leadership on followers influence strategies. Leadership Organizational development Journal, 25 (1/2), 58.Nicholson, N. (2003). How to Motivate Your Problem People. Harvard Business Review, January 2003, 57-65.Boerner, S. von Streit, C. (2005). Transformational Leadership and Group Climate-Empirical Results from Symphony Orchestras. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 12 (2), 31-41.Schyns, B. Sanders, K. (2005). Exploring gender differences in leaders occupational self-efficacy. Women in Management Review, 20 (7/8), 513-523.Sosik, J. (1997). Effect of transformational leadership and anonymity on idea generation in computer-mediated groups. Group Organization Management, 22 (4), 460-487.Sosik, J. Megerian, L. (1991). Understanding leader emotional intelligence and performance The role of self-other agreement on transformational leadership perceptions. T Group Organization Management, 24 (3), 367-390.Tracey, J. Hinkin, T. (1998). Transformational leadership or effective managerial practices? Group Organization Management, 23 (2), 220-236.Walumbwa, F., Lawler, J., Avolio, B., Wang, P. Shi, K. (2005). Transformational Leadership and Work-Related Attitudes The Moderating Effects of embodied and Self-Efficacy Across Cultures. Journal of Leadership Organizational Studies, 11 (3), 2-16.Yukl, G. (2002). Leadership in Organizations (5th ed). New Jersey assimilator Hall.

American football and sound Intellectual thinking Essay Example for Free

American football and sound Intellectual thinking EssayIve always been told i was too small, Im not big enough, not fast enough and that i dont have what it takes. But to catch there for four years straight was incumbent, blood was necessary and the occasional tear as necessary/ But on the field i prepare so no one can shape up my mind solely when myself. And once my mind is made up NOBODY can fetch up me. You can try any move you want and even try to out run me but i can promise you one thing, that as long as Im on the field your only destination is the turf. Football is not something you take lightly its a Mans Game. The only thing that will beget you hurt is take oning stupid and being soft.Benefits of playing football It is one of the most popular and general games in the world It is provin by sports specialists that football players are the ones with the strongest extremities and very sound intellectual thinking, to be roaring on the field but also in life. You ha ve to have discipline , passion and commission with everything you do , and football will hep you with that. Concentration is also another thing mastered when you play football. Its also the top most vital element that we need in life.For Example When we are preparing for a test When we are out on the fieldFootball will not only garter with competitive and efficiency as a player also teach you the right and appropriate spot to have. Communication is a major benefit when playing footballNo communication= Fail So if you dont communicate you will fail and if you fail that means your not ravenous for greatness and if your not hungry for greatness it means your ok with being mediocre. And if that was the case for me.. i wouldnt be standing here with these trophies. This is what succeeder looks like.

Training in Banking Sector Essay Example for Free

Training in Banking Sector showAbstractThe purpose of this study was to identify the cookery postulate among employees of Public sector bank. In the trustworthy fighting(a) business environment schooling has become indispensable. The biggest challenge of human resource managers is to train the employees to enkindle desired results. In the cyclical process of facts of life, teach needs analysis is the first step which analyses the areas where rearing is essential. Total 100 respondents responded to the pre-tested questionnaire, for which Cronbachs Alpha was calculated to confirm its reliability, which resulted in the score of 0. 860. The major findings and military rating have been done by Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS).The findings can be used to frame future competency based training programs. Keywords Performance, Skills, Training, Training needs.I. IntroductionThe banking sector in the recent old age has been undergoing intense structural and organ izational changes, globally. The trend towards globalization of fiscal markets and aids and deregulation of domestic banking systems has been the thrust forces behind the drastic change in this sector. The Information technology era has enabled phylogenesis of new pecuniary instruments, decentralization of work and decision making responsibilities. The extensive competition, greater demand for providing discover product and services, dynamic business environment prevailing in the commercial banking sector has increased more demand from employees in order to meet the postulatements the above all has posed critical challenges for employees and HR managers in particular. Thus, training is no longer considered a casual phenomenon or holiday for a selected few instead it ought to be a process of human resource development for fulfillment of specify objectives (Khandelwal, 1978).And to achieve the desired results transformation in the context and mechanism of training programs becom es indispensable (Lynton and Pareek, 1990).Training refers to a systematic approach to learning and development to reform individual, team, and organizational effective-ness (Goldstein Ford 2002). Denby (2010) explains that training helps to expand the scope of available skills within the workforce and improve expertise and adds enhancing the capabilities of the team supports retention.E real organization strives to achieve their objectives, and in banking sector the major goals include maximizing funds and improve the level of services. And the most desirable goal is to improve employee performance which results in overall organizational performance. In current scenario, to achieve sustainable competitive advantage, sustaining customers by delivering high quality service becomes essential. To achieve all the above mentioned objectives training the bank employees becomes vital. Every training program starts with an analysis of training needs. Identifying training needs of employe es is considered to be an essential requirement to design an effective training program and it likewise contri besideses to the training strategy of an organization.II. Purpose And Importance Of Identifying Training NeedsIn the stages of the systematic training cycle, Identifying training needs and its analysis is the authorised first stage and following stages of the cycle are training design, training delivery and training evaluation respectively. Identifying training needs must be carefully planned, conducted and have take up outcomes to ensure that training interventions are implemented effectively and that they lead to meaningful changes in service delivery(Gould D, Kelly D, white I, 2010). Training can be considered fortunate only it is implemented to match and complement the business needs and objectives. The assessment begins with a needs which can be identified in several ways but is generally described as a gap between what is currently in place and what is needed, pr esently and in the future. ).The rationale for developing a training program relies heavily on identifying training needs, and justifying the cost and benefits to the organization. Without a clear understanding of needs, training swithers are at best randomly useful or at worst, useless. The trainer will only be successful and perceived as such to the finis that needs are carefully assessed, and programs developed and carried out that meet those needs (Brown, 2002). Identifying the training needs parcel out as the key to cost effectiveness, and it withal serve as worthful part of the development and exploitation of a business (Andy Taylor, 2009).Identifying and Analyzing training needs is a part of an ongoing cyclic process (Andrew Knowles, 2009) and also states that with clear understanding of what is to be achieved and some knowledge of organization itself, training needs analysis on rung can be performed within the organization to identify learning needs. In a very recent s tudy Stanley (2010) states that common types of needs analysis focus on surveys, collecting questionnaires, data from supervisors, find and formally or informally interviewing employees and analyzing employees performance tests and productivity reports. Thus, surveying, interviewing and testing the employees can help to peg down the training needs and in this study we attempt to identify training needs of clerical staff employees of public sector banks through a well-constructed questionnaire.III. Review of LiteratureHuman resource development is defined as the process of increasing the capacity of the human resources through development. It is gum olibanum a pro cess of adding cherish to individuals, organization as a human system (Mclagan, 1989). Though all practices of personnel perplexity results in development of human resources, but to prepare qualified, flexible, and well prepared employees training is considered as the central body process (Bartel, 1994). Training, in this regard, is seen as a very much useful among all human resource management practices for coping with ever increasing expectations of various facets of customers in retail banks. Noe (2009) states that training is a planned effort by a company to facilitate employees learning of job-related capabilities.These competencies include knowledge, skill, or behaviours that are critical for successful job performance. Donald Kirkpatrick (1994) classical model which has acquired wide acceptance over the years identifies four level of training evaluation Level One Reaction, Level Two Learning, Level three Behaviour and Level quaternary Result. The training system comprises of inputs, process and outcomes (Ziderman, 1997). Training-related changes should result in im-proved job performance and other positive changes (e.g., scholarship of new skills Hill Lent 2006, Satterfield Hughes 2007) that serve as antecedents of job performance (Kraiger 2002).Leigh, et al., (2000) stresses that assessing and analysing training needs is important because this builds the foundation by identifying the kinds of HRD intervention needed for an effective effort.Analyzing training needs provides a focus and nidus for the investment an organization has to make in its people (Bartram Gibson, 1994). Many businesses face the prospect of wasting valuable training budget because they do not know how to accurately identify what their internal needs are, and thus cannot design the most suitable training and enhancement program (Denby, 2010).Success of training depends on positive military capability of the employees about participating in the training activities (Noe Colquitt, 2002). Additionally, Reid (1986) states The quality of training can be no better than the quality that the analysis permitsIV. Objectives of the studyThe research objective of this study includes* It collects and analyse the various views expressed by bank employees in favour of training needs. * Identification of degree to which employees need training on certain factors. * Examination of the differences in training needs between male and female employees.V. Study guessingH1 There is an association between the Number of training programs attended by employees and their view that analytical skills require high degree of importance from the aspect of training.H1 There is statistically significant difference between the space of service of the respondents in the preference towards training on advanced computer skills, planning skills and perpetual skills respectively.VI. methodologyA pre tested questionnaire was administered to 100 public sector bank employees of clerical grade in Chennai, Tamilnadu .The retort received from the employees through the questionnaire were analysed using simple percentage analysis, chi square test, one way analysis of variance test and inter correlation analysis.VII. Results and analysisIn relations to the objective of the study, questions in the questionna ire were designed to fuck to what degree the employees think the training program provided by the bank should focus on following factors interpersonal skills, Oral communication skills, Written communication skills, Public speaking skills, Mentoring skills, Teaching/Training skills, Supervising skills, lead skills, Negotiating skills, Client service skills, Analytical/logical thinking skills, Creativity, Decision making, Planning skills, Administrative/Clerical skills, financial skills, Advanced Computer skills, Technological skills,Performing skills, Perceptual skills, Stress Management Skills. In the following analysis we use chi-square and one way ANOVA to prove the formulated hypothesis mentioned above.

Fukushima Earthquake And Tsunami 2011 Essay Example for Free

Fukushima res publicaquake And Tsunami 2011 EssayIn March 2011, lacquer was struck by a magnitude 9.0 seism and a following tsunami. Authorities concluded that the earthquake was the bm of the Pacific plate releasing the friction built up after years converged under the North Amerifanny plate (as shown in figure 3) on the fault line that lies kilometres away from Japans coastline. (Urbano, 2011)This caused the friction to spread done the solid ground-and what was origin totallyy state to be a magnitude 6.6 earthquake through the evaluation of incomprehensive readings from seismometers- shook Japan for oer five minutes. The resulting tsunami was triggered by the explosive energy released by the earthquake. provided, its distress was minimized by 10m high naval walls and the modeling of buildings along the coast, which had applied various scientific techniques to reduce impact from waves on actual buildings. macintosh HDUsers160161DesktopUnknown-1.jpegEarthquakes ar a very signifi kindlet problem around the globe and peck cause havoc through towns. The Japan earthquake and following tsunami resulted in 20000 deaths and caused the destruction of entire towns and many coastal aras of the country- the most notably being the Thoku region in Honshu. (Pletcher, 2013) A large percentage of the damage and lives lost could moderate been avoided if scholarships techniques in detecting earthquakes- such as seismometers- would stick alerted authorities in age rather than minutes before the earthquake struck, as well as conveyed more accurate readings. ab issue the globe scientists and organisations ware attempted to develop method of detecting earthquakes so that maximum damage derriere be sustained. Currently, around the globe seismometers, ocean walls and building modeling are used to detect earthquakes through the readings of seismic waves. This scientific solution has potential to minimise damage from earthquakes and tsunamis around the globe if implemented properly and its negatives minimized.The Application of erudition To Detect Earthquakes and Consequently Prevent Damage-SeismometersEarthquakes can be detected by bar the frequency of the seismic waves in a particular area using a scientific art such as a seismometer. Seismic waves are circular waves (see figure 4) created by the back and off movement that occurs when an earthquake shakes the ground, thus releasing waves. A magnitude 8 or 9 earthquake- desire the one in Japan 2011, are caused collectible to the faster and rapider movement of the ground. This releases a higher frequency of seismic waves that can be detected by scientific instruments like a seismometer-just as they were during the Fukushima earthquake.The science behind the implementation of seismometers in earthquake prone areas such as Japan is that they use the sanctioned principal of inertia to detect seismic waves in the earths heighten. They consist of a ground motion maculation sensor a nd a recording system. In a simple seismometers detection system, a weight and a spring are sus composeded from a frame that moves along with the earths surface. As the earth moves, the relative motion in the midst of the weight and the earth, which is caused by seismic waves is measur adequate to(p) by the recording system which consists of a rotating drum attached to the frame, (as shown in diagram 1) and a pen attached to the mass.This pencil moves along with the weight and the spring, leaving lines along the drum, which can be interpreted into ascertain the frequency of seismic waves and the magnitude of the coming earthquake by authorities.(Braile, 2000)Modern seismometers are electronic, and instead of using a pen and drum, the seismic activity generates an electrical voltage that is recorded by a computer. The reason wherefore Nipponese authorities and other nations around the world choose this science to jock detect earthquakes is because it allows them to mold before hand when an earthquake is going to happen. Seismo represents gather information over a long hitch of time and the patterns in the seismic wave frequency are easily analyz equal.Seismometers were implemented in Japans coastline by local authorities with readings going to computers where the info from seismic waves was analyzed. This brought to the early conclusions that the earthquake was a magnitude 6.6 and later upgraded to 9.0 from further readings showing an increase in movement at heart the ground. Seismometers also fuck off a change in scientific search ab bulge certain regions and their risk to earthquakes, as it allows for research to be collected at various points before, during and after an earthquake, so that samples can be sent out in advance next time or before an aftershock. (Dea, 2003)The Effectiveness of Detection/Damage cake Techniques Used In JapanSeismometers- learnings solution to the problem-can be used to detect earthquakes and their muddle so that ma ximum damage can be prevented. In theory, scientists in Japan should have been able to pick up the earthquakes where about, magnitude and timing from the seismic activity under the earths surface that should have been detected by numerous seismometers located on the Pacific Oceans seabed. Scientists can use the readings gathered- based on the frequency of the waves-to calculate the magnitude of the earthquake before it reaches by works out the difference in arrival between two waves from tree different seismometers. (BBC, 2013) If the gap between the two arrivals is shorter, then the magnitude of the earthquake is also higher. Fukushima scientists also used this method to determine the need location of the earthquakes epicentre through the process of triangulation in which they determine the distance travelled by waves at each of the three seismometers and pinpoint the centre (as shown in diagram 2).Seismometers certainly helped to detect the Fukushima earthquake. Evidence shows th at nigh a thousand lives were saved due to seismometers monitoring the Pacific seabed. They proved onusive in manner of speaking lives because they were able to pick up the sudden seismic activity in the ground. The detection allowed scientists back in Japan to sound an alarm minutes before the earthquake arrived in Japan. However, the initial alarm was kind of inaccurate, as it was originally sounded for a 6.6 magnitude earthquake. Over the last century around the world, scientists concluded that 9/10 times seismometers were initially incorrect in detecting the magnitude of the numerous earthquakes (Strevens, 2011).Seismometers also have many more limitations, which cause for the engineering science to be deemed ineffective at times and can be used to partially explain some of the issues that occurred in Japan- issues that could have been avoided. Unlike NASAs InSAR satellite technology that can detect earthquakes day before they occur (due to its ability to detect even 1cm o f movement within the earth) (NASA, 2011), seismometers are only able to detect earthquakes minutes before they happen and the only way scientists can actually issue a warning in advance is if they look closely at the patterns in previous earthquakes or try and interpret seismic readings days before and see if there are any abnormalities. The limitations of possible inaccuracy with data and late warnings made the use of the seismometers quite ineffective during the earthquake. Although seismometers are able to pinpoint the exact location of the epicentre so that aftershocks can be predicted and are able to take a shit a few minutes of warning about the magnitude, it is a scientific device thats conquest can easily be affected by influence human error plays in analyzing its data on computers. sea walls were implemented in Japan to protect its coastal cities from tsunamis. The science behind them is that its robust concrete material, from which it is made of, should be able to bloc k the force of a tsunami. Their height- 10 metres above sea level- were supposed to be sufficient to stop most tsunamis as evidence shows that it is very rare in any part of the world for a tsunami over 10m to a region that is not directly over the fault line. However, if a tsunami were to reach such heights, the sea walls success would be trammel greatly. A validating of their use though, is that their success is largely predictable as they do not require any electronic systems to function and nor do they have any human influence. Macintosh HDUsers160161DesktopScreen Shot 2013-10-27 at 6.40.21 PM.pngSea walls proved ineffective in Japan as the tsunami proved to also be 10 metres tall due to the water being very deep in the region. This allowed the tsunami to build up its waves and when the tsunamis biggest waves arrived at the coast of Japan, they were 1m taller than the walls event though they were still only 10m tall. (Tran, 2013) This was due to the fact that the coastline had dropped by a metre and also moved three metres out to sea. (As shown in figure 5) This outside influence limited the success of the walls greatly and although- in many other tsunamis sea wall have effectively haltered tsunamis due to their concrete strength and height- the tsunami of 2011 flooded into Japan killing thousands that could not escape in the few moments of warning.Sciences interaction With The EnvironmentThe environment has minimal impact on the application and effectiveness of seismometers and sea walls. As seismometers are not affected by an areas air pollution, vegetation or climate, the environment does not play a significant role in positively or negatively affecting the detection ability of seismometers. However there are still a few minor factors- particularly in Japan- that can somewhat prevent an earthquake from being detected accurately. Due to Japans vulnerable earthquake-prone region being located along the Pacific Oceans coastline, many low intensity stres s waves created by natural noises and ocean waves have the ability to be detected by seismometers. This is because seismometers can detect and measure motions with frequencies from 500 Hz to 0.00118 Hz- a large enough range to detect ocean waves- particularly in the Pacific Ocean. This could have a negative effect on the effectiveness of sciences solution. Negatively, seismometers could be alerting Japanese authorities every time tidal waves and ocean currents strengthen, thus triggering alarm bells constantly.A positive effect that the Japanese environment has on damage preventing solutions such as sea walls is that the Japanese coastline has numerous nap and hill landforms. The many hills and low mountains located in Japans coastal region (sea figure 6)-especially where the Fukushima earthquake struck-help to prevent damage due to there significant height above sea levels. This environmental bene convulsion was unvarnished during the 2011 earthquake as authorities guided civilia ns to high ground so that when the tsunami arrived and the sea walls failed, the landforms saved a few hundred lives. (ONISHI, 2011)This was because the 10m height of the tsunami eventually deteriorated by the time it reached the landforms, thus preventing further damage from occurring.As mentioned above, the environment has minimal influence on the application and effectiveness of seismometers and sea walls, although sea walls do have an effect on the environment. To construct and implement sea walls, natural, agricultural and grassland is destroyed to make way for them. Sea walls require a large amount of space (width and length) if they are to be firm, sturdy and cover a large proportion of the coastline. They also negatively impact the climatic environment as their height to some extent interrupts the sea breeze that Japan receives from the ocean. This means that locations near the walls will be drier in the already tropical climate and environment. Once again these negative eff ects on Japans environment are not significant factors although if these scientific damage prevention measures were not present in Japan 2011, the environment would have been damaged greatly like it was in some towns that were destroyed completely.stinting InteractionSciences detection and damage prevention solutions have a profound effect on the scrimping of Japan. The Japanese government invests billions (USD) in coastal defenses such as sea walls and warning systems every year. These pricey devices further cost governments around the world millions whenever a warning and consequent evacuation occurs. For example, since Hawaiis Pacific Tsunami sample Center was established in 1948, about 75 percent of warnings that resulted in costly evacuations turned out to be false alarms (Pendick, 2012).A positive effect that Japans frugality has on seismometers and warning systems is that it can afford to research deep into ways on improving the technology, as well as, shop the expensive costs involved with implementing and running them. There is very little limitations that Japans economic system poses to seismometers as the economy is very stable and has been for the last decade without fluctuating too much (see graph 1), thus allowing for billions to be invested. This allows the government to invest in earthquake damage prevention devices so that when an earthquake strikes, damage costs can be kept to a minimum. Seismometers and damage prevention devices have a major influence on the economy. When the earthquake of 2011 struck and damage was high- especially from the burst reactor in the Fukushima Nuclear Plant- Japans tourism industry suffered greatly. This had a chain reaction on the economy with a major dip in Japans GDP (as shown in graph 1) during the period.decisivenessFor many years now, scientists have attempted to come up with ways to detect and consequently, prevent earthquakes with mensurable success- especially in the Fukushima earthquake of 2011. A lthough the application of science through the use of seismometers potentially saved thousands of lives in the few minutes of warning, its accuracy and timing was not enough to stop a thermonuclear disaster. The 10m sea walls that were located around Japans shoreline also proved ineffective as the tsunami soared over them, leaving all types of buildings to be struck down by the shear force of the waves. However, scientists continue to apply their knowledge of earthquakes, tectonic movement and seismic waves so that they can enhance this solution for future earthquakes around the globe.Seismometers and sea walls fit into the world environment nicely as they do not affect it, but rather help to prevent damage occurring to it, whilst the modeling of buildings simply has the same impact as normal buildings do. Economic wise(p) though, billions of dollars are put into the science and evidence shown from Japan might suggest, too much money for reasonably inconclusive success. There ar e some variables in science that we cant control, but what can be controlled is minimizing their damage to civilization through the processes of detecting and preventing damage.BibliographyBBC. (2013). Seismic waves. Retrieved October 28, 2013, from BBC Bitesize http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/waves_earth/seismicwavesrev2.s hypertext mark-up languageBraile, L. (2000, November). SEISMOMETER. Retrieved October 28, 2013, from Explorations In Earth Science http//web.ics.purdue.edu/braile/edumod/handseis/handseis.htmDea, J. (2003, August 11). Anticipating Earthquakes. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from NASA Science http//science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2003/11aug_earthquakes/Densmore, A. (2011, March 14). Sendai earthquake and tsunami disaster . Retrieved October 29, 2013, from Institute of Hazard, Risk and Resilience http//ihrrblog.org/2011/03/14/sendai-earthquake-and-tsunami-disaster/Doedens, P. (2013, kinsfolk 20). MAGNITUDE-5.3 QUAKE HITS FUKUSHIMA. Retr ieved October 25, 2013, from Fukushima Update http//fukushimaupdate.com/magnitude-5-9-quake-hits-fukushima/Kong, S. C. (2013, March 20). Japans Economy. Retrieved November 2, 2013, from The Market Oracle http//www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article39557.htmlKordian. (2012, May 8). Natural Disaster . Retrieved November 1, 2013, from Oxonian Globalist http//toglobalist.org/2012/05/risky-business-uncovering-catastrophic-insurance-risks-in-2012/NASA. (2011). Anticipating Earthquakes-InSAR Satellites . Retrieved October 28, 2013, from NASA Science http//www.google.com.au/search?client=safarirls=enq=why+did+seismometers+pick+the+ lacquer+earthquake+as+magnetide+6.6ie=UTF-8oe=UTF-8gws_rd=crei=jMhwUtjfJcW_kQXUiYCQBQq=why+did+seismometers+pick+the+japan+earthquake+as+magnitude+6.6rls=enONISHI, N. (2011, March 13). Seawalls Offered Little Protection Against Tsunamis Crushing Waves. Retrieved October 27, 2013, from The immature York Times http//www.nytimes.com/2011/03/14/world/asia/14seawalls.html?pa gewanted=all_r=0Pendick, D. (2012). Catching a Tsunami in the Act. Retrieved November 2, 2013, from Savage Earth http//www.pbs.org/wnet/savageearth/tsunami/html/sidebar1.htmlMacintosh HDUsers160161DesktopScreen Shot 2013-11-04 at 11.43.28 AM.png

Learner Analysis Essay Example for Free

scholar Analysis EssayBackground SummaryFlight nurses and Flight Paramedics perform as members of an aero health check caboodle on helicopters (rotor move), and air visualizees (fixed wing) aircraft, providing for in- leak centering and fretfulness for both types and ages of patient ofs. Responsibilities of this job include the planning and eagerness of all(prenominal) flight, to include such things as safety, evaluation of an individual patients in-flight needs and request of appropriate medications, supplies, and equipment to picture continuing c be from origination to the destination facility. They act as liaisons between facilities during an interfacility transport and from scene po placeioning to trauma center during checkup and trauma related emergencies. They also initiate necessity treatment in the absence of a physician during in-flight medical emergencies. Flight nurses and flight paramedics give up fostering in mechanical ventilation, hemodynamic acco mmodate, vasoactive medications, airway, and other intensive c atomic number 18 skills.Most air medical businesses expect nurses to exact at least(prenominal) 2 to 5 grades of experience in emergency or diminutive care units, and the more trauma experience, the better (flightnurse educate.com). This authority nurses that have a proven ability to manage multiple patients with vastly different conditions, as strong as being able to make split-second decisions about patient care with maximum attention to patient care and safety. Flight paramedics are expect to have a borderline of three years flow experience as a paramedic on an advanced flavour support aggroup and/or critical care transport squad. Both of these roles may have to turn tail to multiple critical cases all at once, so it is important that he or she have the skills to neck with high stress situations. Even though those hired into the role of a flight nurse and flight paramedic come into the role with a core background in critical care and pass judgment take of baseline companionship,higher level of autonomous critical thinking and rapid decision qualification is a new skill encountered for many coming into this role.A well- structure teach political platform is an integral smash of laying a strong foundation to build the necessary knowledge base needed to look both a flight nurse and flight paramedic are prepared to perform in their role as a mob party boss. Approximately six years ago a well-structured crowd gaffer instruct program was in place that allowed for consistent and structured acquire that allowed all gang member 2 (CM2) to retain the necessary skills and knowledge expected to hold a position of cluster headland. These modules covered areas of navigation, communications, safety, air, critical thinking and incorporated reading material, practical exercises, quizzes and tests which the CM2 worked through in a dictatorial sour. At the period of the develop ment module the pack member and because went through a drumhead answer visiting card (QAB) process. In the QAB, the man member was asked a series of questions by a board consisting of a conspiracy nous, clinical manager, pilot, medical director and given multiple scenarios. If the QAB was completed successfully the CM2 then advanced to spatial relation of a crew headsman. Current State of ProblemCurrently a structured information program that tick offs all flight nurses and flight paramedics regain this baseline level of knowledge that is expected of those in the crew chief role does non exist. The current practice is the assumption that all CM2s obtain the skills and knowledge necessary by reaching their seventy fifth patient transport. This information plan does not allow for the structured de chokery of expected skills and knowledge nor does it allow for a baseline cogency to be demonstrated before being promoted from CM2 to crew chief. The current process was la y into place to assemble the increased demand for staffing experience by the company during a rapid growth period where eighter from Decatur bases turned into sixteen in four years. This current process put into place at this metre did allow for rapid streamlined training of new staff but it failed to take into account reference over quantity. This new process has resulted in CM2s being promoted to the level of a crew chief without the necessary knowledge that is expected of this role as determined by the management. Goal State both crew members at CM2 spot go through a structured crew chief training program. This training leave behind allow for the delivery of consistent, well-structured necessary skills and knowledge. A well-structured training program will assure that all flight crew who obtain crew chief status will have obtained the similar base of knowledge and will have all demonstrated the same level of desired competence. student AnalysisDemographic InformationThe in structional setting is primarily on the job training teaching gained through the live patient care transport environment via ground, rotor or fixed wing aircraft. comforts and paramedics work as partners in patient transport. This team configuration can be two nurses, or one nurse and one paramedic but at all times one team member must be a nurse. The third person at the base is the pilot in command, who does not provide any patient care but does and can assist in aviation and safety training. These teams are on shift stationed at their designate base for a 24 hour period of time where training through simulations, reading, and discussions will occur during non-patient transport times. There are 16 bases in the company located in California, Texas and Oregon. There are 8 full time medical crew assigned to each base and an additional 2-3 part time staff at each base.Age of paramedics and nurses range from 27-61. English is native language spoken by all medical crew members. Educat ional levels in addition to holding an accredited paramedic permit or registered nurse license are ranging from associate degree to doctorate. All Registered nurses in the capacity have bringd specialized training in critical care, trauma and hold specialized certificates in these areas. All paramedics in this capacity have also obtained additional critical care related training and certificates. Both the nurses and the paramedics receiving the crew chief training have been employed with this company in the flight role for a minimum of 1 year and have obtained the CM2 status. The content area is focused on five areas to include aviation, safety, communications, navigation, and critical thinking. All medical crew have obtained the basic level of training in these areas have been deemed CM2 which puts them at critic status which deems them competent to safely complete patient transports. The crew chief level of training is aimed at manner of speaking crewmembers from novice to exp ert level. Prior KnowledgePrior knowledge of all who will receive the crew chief training are those who are at the current CM2 level. They have been working in the capacity as flight nurses or flight paramedics at this company for a minimum of 1 year and have been on at least 75 patient transports. 25% of the total crew members have prior experience working as Flight Nurses or Flight Paramedics at around other company 10% of the flight paramedics have prior flight crew experience through the multitude prior to coming to this company. Those crew members who achieved crew chief status per the current model will be given a baseline written assessment and go through a crew chief QAB. Those who pass these two items will remain at the status of crew chief and those who do not pass these assessments will complete a bridge crew chief training program, focusing on those areas of the training they did not pass during their assessments. A written assessment and QAB will be repeated at the c onclusion of the bridge training. All crew members surveyed have positive feedback regarding this proposed process. Entry Skills RequiredEntry level skills required to the crew chief training is to be a CM2 and to have successfully passed the CM2 questions answer board. thriving completion of CM2 training demonstrates successful objectives completed as stated in the CM2 training. In addition to CM2 status all crew members must have obtained a national certification. National certifications the nurses may obtain are critical care registered nurse (CCRN), care flight critical nurse (CFRN), or certified emergency nurse (CEN). These are each a 100-150 questions tests that are scheduled to be taken at sovereign test centers as determined by the certifying agencies. The CM2 must also be in good stand with the company meaning no disciplinary actions in the crew members personal file in the foregoing six months. Attitudes and MotivationThe absolute majority of the flight nurses and fli ght paramedics are very driven intense batch with a high desire to obtain the crew chief status. Primary indigence comes from the desire to obtain the title status of crew chief and the increased pay rate of 5% per hour. Secondary motivation is the drive that comes from internal motivation to achieve additional training toreach expert level knowledge in this field. Current attitudes towards training are positive with an overwhelmingly stated desire to have a more structured training program with higher standards and rigor needed to become a crew chief. Based on the annual employee survey one of the indicators as stated by employees to improve team spirit is for a more structured and nonindulgent crew chief training program. Unique Characteristics and Learning StylesThe majority (70%) of the learners described themselves as learning best through doing. Those who stated they learn better through hands-on and learning state reading, watching or hearing the learning material is helpf ul if they can then have additional hands-on training through simulations or live on-the-job situational experiences. Another 40% of learners said they were not sure how they learned best but felt having access to the material in writing or reading to be studied was very helpful. All learners wanted tangible resources open such as protocols, standard operating procedures, drug calculators, and other tools that could be obtained through electronic means such as their phones or IPADS to be accessed as needed during simulated training and live patient transports. According to Kolbs Adult Learning Styles adults have four distinct ways of preferred ways for examining, analyzing and consolidation new knowledge. Converging (doing and thinking), diverging (feeling and watching), Assimilating (watching and thinking) and Accommodating (doing and feeling).In the VARK model Neil D Fleming described the base ways adults acquire new knowledge the preferred learning styles. In this VARK model 4 1% are kinesthetic learners, 16% visual, 25% auditory and 18% readers. ring member feedback of preferred learning styles and seek found evidence regarding preferred adult learning styles appear to correlate. This will allow support from management to build a new crew chief training program that will be based in the delivery methods that will allow consumption of material to be presented through the desired learning styles of adult learners. Unique characteristics of this group of learners is their collective attitudes and internal drive to desire a more rigorous and structured training program with an extreme minority of the crew members desiring to hold title of crew chief without demonstration of knowledge and skills required. It will beimportant to build a training program that accommodates all of the stated learning styles so as to use the crew members desire for the training to have a product that matches in quality and desired outcome of trainees. AccommodationsAccording to Gregg, Talbert and Lentz (1999),An appropriately selected instructional accommodations not still provides equal awareness to learning opportunities but also minimizes the learners likelihood of failure. Appropriate educational accommodations are determined by taking into account the adults unique leaning needs. All crew members have demonstrated a prerequisite knowledge required to begin this training through successful completion of the CM2 training. All learners are primary English language learners without physical disabilities as this is a requirement to obtain the role of flight nurse or flight paramedic in this company. The accommodations that should be considered for this training program is one that utilizes all learning styles to ensure the best possible success by all those antecedent the training program. Performance ContextManagerial SupportLearners can expect full organizational support in the training process. One of the top goals of the organization as identified i n their Strengthen from at heart Plan is to re-build and strengthen a training strategy that will allow for employees to have a structured, well planned out, standardized training program. Employees have overwhelmingly voiced concern in the area of clinical training with regards to the crew chief training in the annual employee survey and through the Best of coiffure Suggestion Forum. Management has acknowledged the priority of a structured crew chief training process lost priority in recent years stating it has been likely to the rapid growth experienced by the company in the last 5 years and with this comes a need to recruit employees bring them to novice status in order to staff new bases.This has caused an oversight in strengthening crew chief training which brings employees to that of expert level in the field. Management has also acknowledged that current process that was put into place approximately 6 years ago which brings a CM2 to crew chief status via a CM2 completing 75 patient transports and obtaining a nationalcertification has fallen short of hopes and expectations for this modality of crew chief training. All management are in agreement a more structured training program is needed. All would agree that the skills learned through a structured crew chief training program bring medical flight crew members from a novice to an expert level which translates to professional patient care, superior customer service, which lead to strengthening of the company as a whole. Physical Aspects of the land siteThe crew chief training takes skills learned by flight crew members during their CM2 training program and adds depth, strengthens critical thinking and problem solving processes and brings a CM2 at novice level up to crew chief which is considered expert level. This training will take place while the crew member is on shift. provision will occur via reading material, videos, discussion with preceptor, clinical manager and base manager, scenarios throu gh case studies and live demonstration during patient transport. The CM2 will be required to complete a written test and sit on a QAB at the end of the crew chief training Process. All required training materials and equipment will be available at each of the 16 bases in the company. Base managers and clinical managers will work with the preceptors to assure all materials and equipment will be kept at each base, kept current with what is being used in live environment and kept in working order. Social Aspects of the situateIn the performance setting, medical crew members work in teams. The teams always consist of two nurses, or one nurse and one paramedic. The third team member is the pilot who are not knobbed directly in the patient care. Medical crew members work in teams independent of direct supervision of a supervisor. Supervisors such as clinical managers, base managers and a medical director are always available by phone 24 hours a daylight 7 days a week as needed by the m edical crews. The skills obtained in the Crew Chief training will not be being use by the medical crews for the starting line time. Many of these skills learned will have already been used by the crew members in the crew chief training as much of the training had already been presented to some degree during the CM2 training.It is possible that some patient care skills learned by CM2 and again as crew chiefs will have onlybeen completed on mannequins in simulations and not on live patients until that patient condition presents itself. These skills are referred to as infrequently used skills and are practiced routinely by all medical crew members in the company. Those receiving initial first time skills and knowledge in their role are the crew member 1 (CM1) team members who are gaining the on-the-job training needed to achieve CM2 status. In these instances a CM1 is always assigned into a work partnership with another crew member who is at least at the CM2 status. relevance of Ski lls to workAll skills learned in the training will relate directly to all skills utilized in the actual workplace. There are not current perceived physical, social or motivational constraints. Crew members are highly motivated to have structured crew chief training ascribable to the relationship between skills learned and skills used in work environment. High motivation also exists collect to the desired status achievement of crew chief and due to the increased monetary stipend received.ReferencesFleming, N.D. and Mills, C. (1992), non Another Inventory, Rather a Catalyst for Reflection, To Improve the Academy, Vol. 11, 1992., page 137. Flight Nurse Training. (n.d.). Flight Nurse Training. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http//www.flightnursetraining.com Suggested Considerations Regarding Accommodations. (1999, January 1). Suggested Considerations Regarding Accommodations. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http//kairos.technorhetoric.net/7.1/coverweb/grover_hendricks/accommodations.htm Wi kipedia, the free encyclopedia. (n.d.). . Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Workplace Training and Education Adult Learning Styles. (2013, January 1). Workplace Training and Education Adult Learning Styles. Retrieved May 8, 2014, from http//tribehr.com/blog/workplace-training-and-education-adult-learning-styles/

Environmental Science Notes Essay Example for Free

Environmental Science Notes essay1. Green revolution intro of scientifically bred or selected varieties of grain that can greatly step-up sever yields. 2. Things that ca engross seasons on earth earth tilted on axis, sunlight distribution 3. Large master hydroelectric projects around the world 3 gorges dam, dams going on in india 4. Age distribution diagrams ZPG=looks kindred a building that doesnt form, bottom equal as top. Slow growth=base a bit longer than top but not quite a pyramid. Rapid growth= huge base, narrow top, like a pyramid 5. Waste pissing treatment process get irrigate, drainage out sludge, have sludge area, peeing goes through process to get much sludge out, irrigate gets aerated, piddle gets filtered with Cl to remove bacteria. 6. Human pop on earth 6.8 billion. US pop ccc million. Most populated countries china, india, US 7. Soil horizons O,A,B,C. O is organic material and leaf litter and such. A is top soil and humus. B is parent material. C i s bedrock, solid rock8. Rule of 70 70/percent=time it will take to double population 9. Replacement level fertility reproducing tolerable babies to replace yourself(in developed countries, its 2.1, but in developing, its 2.5 be make believe of infant mortality) 10. Waste created by thermonuclear world power defines radioactive yearn in solid liquid or shove along state 11. Biggest threats to biodiversity HIPPO, home ground loss, invasive species, population growth, pollution, and overexploitation 12. Integrated pest management people come in and sack up your pest problem without using harmful chemicals or pesticides.Situations are situation specific and take a longer time to solve. 13. Aquaculture trapping fish in a coast, or netted fenced area of water to accustom for produce and food or commercial use 14. Demographic transition model preindustrial, transitional, industrial, postindustrial. Pre- in high spirits school birth and death rates. Trans- high birth rates and lo w death rates. Ind- lower birth rates, and same death rates. Post- birth and death rates equal 15. Photosynthesis CO2+H2OO2+C6H12O6. Needs solar heartiness 16. half life radioactive decay of how long it takes for half of material to decay 17. Tragedy of the commons when a renewable available to everyone resource is depleted 18. Population growth rate equation (births-deaths)/1019. ancestral engineering getting genes from one organism and putting them in other organisms to get desired feature 20. 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics 1st states that cipher is neither created nor destroyed. 2nd states that as energy is changed and moves up trophic levels, it decreases 21. Where is coal located around world US in mountainous areas, Russia, china, and Australia 22. Denitrification ammonium to N gas. Assimilation when plants and animals turn nitrates into amino acids and proteins. Ammonification nitrates to ammonium. Nitrification N gas to nitrates and nitrites. Nitrogen fixation Nitrog en to nitrogen gas that is ready to go to nitrites23. Montreal protocol when they noticed that ozone was disappearing, they banned chlorofluorocarbons in industries and anything else in 1987 24. Antarctic treaty of 1961 countries could solitary(prenominal) use Antarctica for peaceful matters 25. Pop growth curves irruptive- overshootdieback. Cyclic predator and preys pop patterns change together. Logistic exponential to carrying capacity then moves around the carrying patterns a little. 26. Carrying capacity biotic potential + environmental resistance, what population the environment can withstandWhat I kind of know1. Cons of minelaying removes 90% of nonfuel mineral and rock recourses, 60% of coal used in US destroys forests, contaminates streams and groundwater, leaves highly erodible hills of rubble, susceptible to chemical weathering, loosen up vegetation regrowth, modifys and buries streams below, harmful dissipationwater, produces line of descent pollution 2. Ways to c astrate soil erosion terracing (growing food on slopes), no till farming, wind survives of trees, strip cropping, contour farming 3. Cause of fluctuation of CO2 levels during a year amount of trees, photosynthetic activity, burning fossil fuels, tr modify, power generation and transport 4. Surface mining to remove mineral deposits found fairly close to the earths surface, removing soil, subsoil and other strata. 5. Types of irrigation drip-delivers gauzy amts of water onto crop roots (best). Flood-delivers more water than needed for a crop to grow. Centro pivotal- spray attachments water crops6. Consequences of global temperature increase melting ice and snow, less sunlight reflected back into space, rising sea levels, ever-changing ocean currents, more acidic seas, change in precipitation and weather extremes, and disrupting ecosystems, more radiotherapy 7. Pros and cons of dams pros-cheap electricity, turn offs downstream flooding, provide year round water for irrigation. Cons displace people, disrupt aquatic systems, and prevent fish to locomote upstream and get caught in it and die 8. Ozone layer function filter out most of suns harmful ultraviolet radiation 9. Cause of stratospheric ozone loss chlorofluorocarbons use, ODCs, halons, hydrobromofluorocarbons, methyl bromide, HCl, carbochluorides, methyl chloroform, n-propyl bromide, hexachlorobutadicine.10. Ways to reduce atmospheric CO2 cut fossil fuel use, shift from coal to native gas, improve energy efficiency, shift to renewable energy resources, transfer energy efficiency and renewable energy technologies to developing contries, reduce deforestation, use sustainable agriculture and forestry, reduce poverty, slow population growth 11. Season when ozone hole is most noticeable October, Antarctic spring (winter) 12. DDT, mercury pesticides that are toxic to humans and are very long-lived and a lot of the time they go to the wrong species and they disrupt the ecosystem. They are broad spectrum pestic ides.13. P calendar method P circulates through water, earths crust, and living things, it is the most limiting because it does not become gaseous. C cycle C circulated through earths air, water, soil, and living things and it depends on photosynthesis and respiration. N cycle bacteria helps recycle N through the earths air, water, soil and living organisms (N fixationnitrificationassimilationammonificationdenitrificationN fixation). Water cycle evaporation, condensation, precipitation, percolation 14. Importance of genetic diversity resistance to mass extinctions, monocultures, and inbreeding 15. Biomes, locations, reasons for why they are located in definite areas1. Gasification agricultural wastes, including wood wastes any of various processes by which coal is turned into low, medium or high BTU gases 2. Cogeneration production of 2 useful forms of energy, such as high temp fire up or go and electricity, from the same fuel source 3. Cultural eutrophication human activities that greatly accelerate the input of plant nutrients to a lake (mostly NO3 and phosphate). 4. Sand low porosity and high permeability. Clay low permeability and high porosity. Porosity is the wad of pore space. Silt has low to average porosity and average permeability. Permeability is the ability of water to unravel through the soil5. Incinerating trash burning trash, boiling water to make steam for heating water of space for producing electricity. Cons expensive to build, costs more than short distance hauling to wreakfills, difficult to internet site because of citizen opposition, whatever air pollution, older poorly managed facilities can release large amts of air pollution, output approach that encourages waste production, competes with recycling for burnable materials like newspaper. Pros reduces trash volumes, less need for landfills, low water pollution, concentrates hazardous substances into ash for burial or use as landfill cover, sale of energy reduces cost, modern c ontrols reduce air pollution, round facilities recover and sell metals.6. Sun angle, fewer daylight hours, tropospheric length has not enough solar radiation to reach the surface, high Albeao and less water vapor causes polar areas to get really cold. 7. Integrated waste management variety of strategies for waste reduction and management to deal with our produced solid wasted reduce, reuse and recycle 8. Layers of atmosphere troposphere is closest to earths surface and contains 90% of mass of entire atmosphere. Stratosphere has the ozone layer that absorbs UV rays from sun and protects life on earth. Mesosphere is the coldest layer of the atmosphere. The mesopause is the boundary between mesosphere and thermosphere. Thermosphere is the last layer of atmosphere and it is hot than mesosphere and has a little O2 and has a layer of ionized gases9. Waste created by coal power plants heat to troposphere, CO2 and air pollution 10. Pros and cons of coal power pros- ample supply, high net energy, low cost, wellnessful developed mining and combustion technology, air pollution can be reduced with improved technologies. Cons yucky land disturbance, air pollution, water pollution, high land use, severe threats to human health, high CO2 emissions, radioactive particles and toxi mercury into air 11. Pros and cons of nuclear power pros- large fuel supply, low envir. Impact, emits 1/6 as much CO2 as coal, moderate land use and disruption and water pollution, and Low jeopardy of accidents. Cons- expensive, low net energy yield, catastrophic accidents, no solution for radioactive waste storage, terrorist attacks, weapons 12. Source of registered nurse some soil and rock13. Tropospheric ozone air pollutant, bad ozone because it can damage living tissue and break down certain materials 14. Acid rain caused by coal burning power plants, ore smelters and industrial plants that use tall smokestacks to emit SO2 and NO2 into troposphere. Consequences 2-14 day persistence, ruins s ensitive soil, worsens respiratory disease, attacks metallic and stone, decreases atmospheric visibility, come outs fish, depletes soil of vital plant nutrients and harms crops and plants. Solutions improving energy efficiency, reduce coal use, increase natural gas use and renewable energy resourcs, burn low sulfur coal, remove SO2 and NO2 from smokestack gases, remove NO2 from motor vehicular exhaust, tax emissions of SO2, append lime to neutralize acidified lakes and add phosphate fertilizer to neutralize acidified lakes. pH of rain 5.6 or less. paradox in eastern US.15. Greenhouse gases and their sources water vapor, CO2, CH4, NO2, O3. Sources are burning fossil fuels, electricity production, transportation, industry, commercial and residential, agriculture, land use and forestry. 16. LD-50 median lethal dose of a toxin, radiation or pathogen is dose required to kill the members of a tested pop afterward specified test duration 17. Radon Rn-222 is a natural occurring gas tha t is colorless and odorless and radioactive found in some soil and rock, seeps into homes and buildings and can cause lung cancer. Lichen can indicate it 18. Clean water act attempt to control efforts of pollution of countrys surface waters. Standards for allowed levels of key water pollutants and requires polluters to get permits limiting how much of various pollutants can discharge into aquatic systems 19. Clean air act causes lakes to be acidic. Made to prevent smog and prevent more air pollution disasters, air pollutant regulations for key pollutants20. How carbon is removed from the atmosphere remove from smokestack and vehicle emissions, butt in by planting trees, sequester deep underground, sequester in soil by using no till conservation and taking cropland out of production, sequester CO2 deep in ocean, repair oozy gas pipelines and facilities, use animal feeds that reduce methane emissions by belching cows. 21. UN conference of the human environment expanding corresponde nce of envir. Issues, gathering and evaluation envir. Data, develop and monitor international envir. Treaties, provide grants and loans for sustainable econ. Devel. And reducing poverty, help more than 1nations develop envir. Laws and institutions 22. Reclamation of disturbed lands process of creating new land from ocean, riverbeds or lake. Stabilized against the hazards of water and wind erosion 23. RCRA resource conservation and recovery act regulates hazardous waste produced in the US passed in 1976 amended in 1984. Goal to prevent unsafe and illegal disposal of hazardous wastes on the land.24. Uranium-235 isotope of uranium making up about .72% of the natural uranium sustains fission chain reaction 25. Biomagnifications increase in concentration of DDT, PCBs, and other slowly degradable far soluble chemicals in organisms at successively high trophic levels of a food chain or web. 26. Efficiency of an incandescent lightbulb (5%), photosynthesis (1%), coal power (33%) 27. Fecal c oliform bacteria various strains of E. Coli to detect the presence of infectious agents in water 28. Consequences of SO2, lead, O3 in troposphere, and particulates SO2- cellular respiration problems, visibility reduction and aggravation of asthma, damages crops, trees, soils, and lake aquatic life, corrodes metals and damages paint, paper, and leather and stone on buildings.O3- coughing, existing problems, reduces resistance to colds and pneumonia, irritates eyes, nose, and throat, aggravates asthma, bronchitis, emphysema and heart disease and damages plants, rubber in tires, fabrics and paints. Particulates- irritate the nose and throat, damage lungs, aggravate asthma and bronchitis, shortens life. Lead- mutations, reproductive problems, cancer, nervous system damage, mental retardation and digestive and other health problems, reduce visibility and corrode metals and discolor clothes and paints. 29. CERCLA requires parties responsible for creating a hazardous waste site to be res ponsible for its cleanup30. NAFTA goal to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between US, Canada and Mexico to eliminate tariffs on more than of Mexicos exports to the US. Try to pressure countries to improve envir. Protection mechanism 31. Electrostatic electrostatic precipitators to remove particulates, after they are in smokestack gas, it gives them a negative charge, they are attracted to a positively charged precipitator wall and fall off the wall into a collector, they maintain and remove 99% of particulate, but use a lot of electricity and do not remove hazardous ultrafine particles and produce a toxic dust that must be disposed of safely. 32. Alternatives to chlorine in waste water treatment microfiltration, ultrafiltration, ion substitute