Driverless Metro Train With Obstacle Detector Engineering Essay

Driverless Metro Train With Obstacle Detector Engineering Essay insane asylumThis project is intentional to understand the technology apply in vexr less metro train. This technology is the future of the metro train. This train leave alone be furnished with the microcontroller as the mainframe, Sensors, Displays, and Motors. These trains exit be designed for fol minoring the specific path. This microcontroller will be programmed such that door string outs and close automatically when the train reaches its station. This microcontroller will be programmed for a specific path so that it knows the distance between 2 stations. It also opens the door when train reaches the station for a certain quantify and then closes. Also if the train is following its path and in front of train an obstacle is detected the sensor will sense the obstacle from a safer distance so that the train tail end be stopped before accident.In this project we ar using the same pattern described above. her e we be using AT89S52 microcontroller as a CPU. One stepper motor is used for the train so that it basis travel between the stations. Second, motor is used for the door open and close. For presentmenting the number of station and jot message we are using 2 telephone circuit liquid crystal display displays. hither the train is designed for cristal stations numbered 1 to 10. LCD is used to display the message as station number reached. Also buzzer is used as a enceinte indicator of emergency warning signal and door open. Sensor is used to detect the obstacle in front of the train. When the obstacle is detected the buzzer will ponderous , all the motors stop, and message will be displayed on the LCD. When the obstacle is removed the train will again start moving on its path.The train equipped with microcontroller controlsLCDL293D motor driving ICPIR sensorBuzzerLedLIST OF COMPONENTS1 IC 8051 MC (AT89S52) 12 IC L293D 13 Transformer (120 V to 12V) 14 Voltage Regulator 7806 15 Voltage Regulator 7812 16 2 X16 LCD display 17 Stepper Motor 28 Crystal Oscillator (11.0592 MHz) 29 Switch 110 LED 111 Resistors (1k,10k,8.2k,18 imbibe10k)- pack of each12 Capacitors(22pf,10uf,1mf,10nf) pack of each13 Diode IN4007 414 Buzzer 115 Transistor (5474A) 116 PIR 1WORKING OF PROJECTDriver less metro train project is typically based on microcontroller. Where microcontroller used as a CPU is controlling the entire circuit. The micro IC is programmed to follow the sequence of instruction or interrupts generated during the whole operation. The whole project circuit is divided into different split so that it is easy to understand and debug. The main parts areMain microcontroller circuitL293D motor driving circuitPower supply circuitLCD circuitPIR sensor circuitThese four parts are connected together to make the whole project functional.BLOCK DIAGRAM conduct supply SUPPLYMICRO8051L293DICMOTORSENSORPIRLCD 2X16BUZZERCIRCUIT DESIGN(MULTISIM DESIGN, ULTIBOARD DESIGN)PO WER SUPPLYFor explicateing the working of the project firstly we explain the architecture of the power supply. For this project we need the power supply that can convert 120V to 12V and 6 V. the main components used in the power supply areDC POWER SUPPLLYTransformer (120V to 12V Step down, 0.5Amp)IN4007 diodes connected I bridge shapeVoltage regulator 7806 and 7812Capacitor (1uf,10 nf)Resistor (10 kohm)The 120 volts is step down by 12 volts by transformer. Then this 12V is rectified by the bridge rectifier made up of diodes. This bridge rectifier is used to provide DC voltage. Then the 12V is regulated by 7806 to 6V and 7812 to 12V. 1 micro farad capacitor is used to filter the pulsating DC voltage in order to get the pure DC. Here 6V is disposed(p) to the microcontroller circuit. Other, 12V is given to the motor driving circuit. Here Voltage regulator is used so that no fluctuation occurs in order to get constant voltage. The LED attaches to encumber the correctness of power sup ply.PIR SENSORPIR stands for Passive infrared sensor which detects the motion of the obstacle in front of the train. Its pin 1 is connected to the VCC, pin 3 connected to the ground and pin 2 is connected to the base 0 of the transistor. The output of the sensor is numeralive high which is given to the base of the transistor. This transistor act like a not gate and convert active high input to active low output of the transistor output. The collector of the transistor is connected to the microcontroller port wine 3.0. Resistance is connected to the base of the transistor to prevent overflow of the current. The output of the PIR sensor is digital. When PIR sensor senses the obstacle in front of the it sends active low input by means of transistor to the microcontroller as a interrupt. When microcontroller gets this interrupt the programming in the microcontroller stops all the motor bringing the train to stop. Also the light-emitting diode will glow and buzzer will sound showing the presence of obstacle.LCD MODULEIn our project we are using 2 line and 16 digit LCD display. This lcd has 16 pins. It is connected as a parallel port to the microcontroller. Here we are using 14 pins two pins are not being used. Out of these 14 pins, 8 pins are used for entropy lines to communicate with the microcontroller. These 8 pins are connected to the port 2.0 to port 2.7 of the microcontroller. When the message is to be displayed by the microcontroller it is transferred through these data pins. Here data bit D7 is used for showing the interest message. When D7=1 the LCD is busy and when it is D7=0 than it is not. RW, EN, and RD are connected to the port 3 pins P3.5 to P3.7. EN pin is used to detect the high to low pulse. RS=1 is used for registry select that is data register to display data coming from microcontroller and RS=0 command register to get command from microcontroller like clrscr. For data register RS =1 and for command register RS=0. For RW we have R=1 and W= 0. VCC pin is connected to 5V power supply, GND pin is connected to ground. CV pin is connected to potentiometer which is used to ordinate the contrast of the LCD.MOTOR DRIVING CIRCUITThe motor driving circuit depends upon the output of the microcontroller. 2 motors are connected to L293D IC. This IC is used separately to drive motor because the microcontroller voltage is low to drive the motors. L293D act as a amplifier for driving the motor. Here the output of the IC is same as the input the disagreement is skillful that the input voltage is amplified. Two motors are connected to the output of the IC. This L293D IC can rotate motor in either direction. L293D is connected to the port0 of the microcontroller through pull up resistor. In the staring both the motor are in off state. Each motor has two pins that are connected to the IC. Here instead of using both motor we are using CD tray motor that will act like a gate which will open when it get open command from microcontroller and close with the close command. we are using stepper motor that is a electro-mechanical rotary actuator that converts electrical pulses into unique shaft gyrations. This rotation is directly related to the number of pulses. This motor can be operated in forward/reverse with controllable speed from a microcontroller through a transistor driver circuit. This stepper motor is a (4 phase) 12 VDC, 150 mA motor that takes 3.6 degrees per step. Phase resistance (Ohms) 75 Current (mA) 150 Phase induction (mH) 39 Detent torque (g-cm) 80 Holding Torque (g-cm) 600 Mounting hole space diagonal (in.) 1.73 Mounting hole (in.) 0.11 slit diameter (in.) 0.197 Shaft length (in.) 0.43 Motor Diameter (in.) 1.66 Motor height (in.) 1.35 Weight 0.55 lbs.BUZZERCUsersAdminDesktopimages (1).jpgIn this project buzzer is used as a alarm indicator. Buzzer has 2 pins its positive is connected to the supply voltage and negative pin is connected to microcontroller at port 1 pin p1.0. Buzzer will sou nd when it receive 0 from the microcontroller and stop when it receive 1 from P1.0. This buzzer will sound when the train reaches the station and also in case of emergency when obstacle is detected.AT89S52CUsersAdminDesktopAT89S52-MICROCONTROLLER-configuration.jpgThe AT89S52 is a low-power, high-performance CMOS 8-bit microcontroller with 8K bytes of in-system programmable flashy memory. The device is manufactured using Atmels high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is compatible with the industry-standard 80C51 instruction set and pinout. The on-chip flashing allows the program memory to be reprogrammed in-system or by a conventional nonvolatile memory programmer. By combining a versatile 8-bit CPU with in-system programmable Flash on a monolithic chip, the Atmel AT89S52 is a powerful microcontroller which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution to many embedded control applications.The AT89S52 provides the following standard features 8K bytes of Flash, 256 bytes of RAM, 32 I/O lines, Watchdog timer, two data pointers, three 16-bit timer/counters, a six-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full duplex serial port, on-chip oscillator, and clock circuitry. In addition, the AT89S52 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes. The Idle Mode stops the CPU darn allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port, and interrupt system to continue functioning. In this microcontroller 11.0592 crystal oscillator is used to produce clock pulses for the microcontroller functioning. These clock pulses are used for R/W cycle. 2 ceramic capacitor of 22pf are used to provide pure pulse to the microcontroller. A combination of resistance 10 kilo ohm and capacitor of 10uf are used to provide specify circuitry. When we provide power to microcontroller it should be reset for some time. The reset time is given by t= 1.1*R*C. This reset circuitry is connected to port 1 reset pi n this circuit can be manually reset using switch which is also connected to the reset pin. Interrupt pin INTO is connected to the output of the transistor which gives active low input as a interrupt. Port 0 is connected to 18 (10 kohm) SIP resistors to provide the external pull up. Port is used for the output to the motor driver circuit. Port 2 is connected to the LCD module.TROUBLESHOOT1-Care should be taken piece of music choosing the components with proper rating.2- Power supply should maintain preventing short circuit.3- Project should be hand guide with care since IC is delicate.4- Project circuit should be simple so that it is to debug.5-Etching and bore holes should be done carefully.6-Soldering should be done with proper precautionAdvantages1-Lower expenditure for staff .However, service and security personnel is common in automated systems.2-Trains can be shorter and instead run more frequently without increasing expenditure for staff.3-Service frequency can easily be ad justed to meet sudden out of the blue(predicate) demands..4-Intruder detection systems can be more effective than humans in stopping trains if someone is on the tracks.5-Financial savings in both energy and wear-and-tear be because trains are driven to an optimum specification.FUTURE SCOPEThis project will be useful for the metro trains. This is very low cost project that can be help full in operating the train without driver. One can operate the train from remote distance. It will also be well(p) for the developing countries decreasing the cost of labors. Also the station information and emergency will also be displayed to the passengers. It will going to increase the technology trends. This is just a scratch to start this project there is a lot of improvement can be done in this projectAPPENDIXcoding FOR PROJECTinclude annul delay(unsigned int) demoralise lcdcmd(unsigned char)void lcddata(unsigned char)void lcdready()void welcome()void obstacle()void station()void gate()sfr ld ata = 0xA0sbit rs = P37sbit rw = P36sbit en = P35sbit busy = P27sbit m11 = P00sbit m12 = P01sbit m21 = P02sbit m22 = P03sbit alarm = P10sbit led = P11void ad(void) interrupt 0P0 = 0x00alarm = 0obstacle()void main(void)IT0 = 0 // Configure interrupt 0 for falling edge on /INT0 (P3.2)EX0 = 1 // Enable EX0 InterruptEA = 1 // Enable Global Interrupt irisP0 = 0x00alarm = 1led = 1m11 = m12 = m21 = m22 = 0lcdcmd(0x38)lcdcmd(0x0E)lcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x06)lcdcmd(0x81)while(1)welcome()station()lcddata(1)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(2)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(3)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(4)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(5)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(6)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(7)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(8)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0stati on()lcddata(9)led = 0gate()led = 1m11 = 1delay(1000)m11 = 0station()lcddata(1)lcddata(0)led = 0 gate()led = 1void gate()m21 = 1m22 = 0delay(200)m21 = m22 = 0delay(300)m21 = 0m22 = 1delay(200)m21 = m22 = 0void welcome()unsigned char proj1 = Metro racetrackunsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x83)for(z = 0 z lcddata(proj1z)delay(200)void obstacle()unsigned char obs1 = Obstacleunsigned char obs2 = Detectedunsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x84)for(z = 0 z lcddata(obs1z)delay(100)lcdcmd(0xC4)for(z = 0 z lcddata(obs2z)void station()unsigned char st = Station unsigned char zlcdcmd(0x01)lcdcmd(0x83)for(z = 0 z lcddata(stz)void delay(unsigned int itime)unsigned int i,jfor(i=0ifor(j=0jvoid lcdcmd(unsigned char value)lcdready()ldata = valuers = 0rw = 0en = 1delay(1)en = 0returnvoid lcddata(unsigned char value)lcdready()ldata = valuers = 1rw = 0en = 1delay(1)en = 0returnvoid lcdready()busy = 1rs = 0rw = 1while(busy == 1)en = 0delay(1)en = 1return